Work-Life Balance
Work-Life Balance: Work-life balance is a concept that refers to the equilibrium between one’s professional commitments (work) and personal life, including family, social, leisure, and health aspects. Achieving a healthy work-life balance is essential for overall well-being and quality of life. It allows individuals to effectively manage their time and energy between work-related responsibilities and […]
Sex Education
Sex Education: Sex education is a comprehensive educational program that aims to provide knowledge and understanding about human sexuality, reproductive health, relationships, and related topics. It equips individuals with accurate and age-appropriate information to make informed decisions about their sexual and reproductive health. Sex education is typically delivered through formal school curricula, community programs, and […]
Oort Cloud
Oort Cloud: The Oort Cloud is a theoretical and mysterious region in the outermost reaches of the solar system, far beyond the Kuiper Belt. It is believed to be a vast and predominantly spherical cloud of icy objects, including comets, that surrounds the Sun. The Oort Cloud is named after Dutch astronomer Jan Oort, who […]
Kuiper Belt
Kuiper Belt: The Kuiper Belt is a vast and dynamic region of the outer solar system, lying beyond the orbit of Neptune. It is named after Dutch-American astronomer Gerard Kuiper, who first proposed the existence of this region in 1951. The Kuiper Belt is a region rich in small icy bodies and is considered a […]
Dwarf Planets
Dwarf Planets: Dwarf planets are a class of celestial bodies that share some characteristics with planets but do not fully meet all the criteria to be classified as full-fledged planets. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) officially defined the term “dwarf planet” and established three key criteria for an object to be considered as […]
Comets
Comets: Comets are celestial bodies composed of ice, dust, and rocky materials that orbit the Sun. They are often referred to as “dirty snowballs” due to their icy nature combined with dust and other debris. Comets are some of the most captivating and enigmatic objects in the solar system, known for their bright tails and […]
Asteroids
Asteroids: Asteroids are small rocky objects that orbit the Sun, primarily found in the region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter known as the asteroid belt. They are remnants of the early solar system, leftover building blocks that never coalesced into planets due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter. While most asteroids are located […]
Postdoctoral Research (Post Doc)
Postdoctoral Research (Post Doc): A postdoctoral research position, commonly referred to as “post-doc,” is a temporary academic appointment that comes after completing a Ph.D. It offers early-career researchers an opportunity to gain further research experience, work on advanced projects, and deepen their expertise in a specific area of study. Postdocs are an essential part of […]
Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy)
Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy): Ph.D. stands for Doctor of Philosophy, and it is the highest academic degree that can be earned in most fields of study. Pursuing a Ph.D. involves in-depth research, original contributions to knowledge, and the development of critical thinking and analytical skills. The degree is awarded to individuals who have demonstrated expertise […]
GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering)
GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering): GATE, which stands for Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering, is a national-level examination conducted jointly by the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and seven Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) on behalf of the National Coordination Board (NCB)-GATE, Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Government of India. GATE is […]
NET (National Eligibility Test)
NET (National Eligibility Test): The National Eligibility Test (NET) is a national-level examination in India conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) on behalf of the University Grants Commission (UGC). It is aimed at determining the eligibility of candidates for Assistant Professor positions and awarding Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) in Indian universities and colleges. NET […]
JEE (Joint Entrance Examination)
JEE (Joint Entrance Examination): JEE, also known as the Joint Entrance Examination, is a national-level entrance examination in India conducted for admission to undergraduate engineering programs in prestigious technical institutions like Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), National Institutes of Technology (NITs), and other Centrally Funded Technical Institutions (CFTIs). JEE is one of the most competitive […]
NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test)
NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test): NEET is a national-level entrance examination conducted in India for admission to undergraduate medical (MBBS) and dental (BDS) courses offered by various government and private colleges across the country. It was introduced in 2013, replacing several state-level medical entrance exams, to ensure a standardized and uniform admission process for […]
UPSC (Union Public Service Commission)
UPSC (Union Public Service Commission): The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is a constitutional body in India responsible for conducting various civil services examinations and selecting candidates for key government positions. Established on October 1, 1926, it is one of the most prestigious and esteemed organizations in the country. UPSC operates under the provisions of […]
Programme of Action (1992) on Teacher Education
Programme of Action (1992) The National Policy on Education (1992) gave importance to the functioning of teacher education institutions. Based on the suggestions of NPE and POA, a lot of money is being spent on infrastructure and organization of various in-service programmes. By the year 1998-99 there were forty-five DIETs, seventy-six CTEs and 34l ASEs […]
National Policy on Education (1986) on Teacher Education
National Policy on Education (1986) The number of school expanded drastically in 1980s which increased the demand for teachers on a large scale. But the quality and efficiency of the teacher education became the serious concern of the country. It failed to implement some of the remarkable recommendation made by the pervious commissions set for […]
National Commission on Teachers (1983) on Teacher Education
National Commission on Teachers (1983) National Commission on Teachers (1983) under the leadership of Prof. D. P. Chattopadhyay suggested the following measures to strengthen teacher education:
Education Commission (1964-66) on Teacher Education
Education Commission (1964-66) In the history of education, another commission was appointed under the chairmanship of S. Kothari (popularly known as the Kothari Commission) to review the education system in 1964. The commission submitted its report in 1966—a comprehensive report on different aspects of education. The Commission gave valuable suggestions on different sectors of education, […]
Secondary Education Commission (1952-53) on Teacher Education
Secondary Education Commission (1952-53) After the University Education Commission, under the leadership of Dr. A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar, the then Vice-Chancellor of university of Madras, a new commission was set up in 1952 to recommend suggestions for the reform of the education system in the country. It was appointed to review secondary education system, but, as […]
University Education Commission (1948-49) on Teacher Education
University Education Commission (1948-49) Soon after Independence in 1948, the University Education Commission was set up under the chairmanship of Dr. S. Radhakrishnan to study education system of the country and the commission submitted its report in 1949. This document contributed significantly in improving the quality of education, in particular teacher education system for the […]
Sergent Report, 1944 on Teacher Education
Sergent Report, 1944 As a post-war expansion of education after World War II, a new educational scheme called Sergent Scheme was submitted to the Government of India under the leadership of Sir John Sargent. This report is also known as Post-War Development Plan and was accepted by the CABE (Central Advisory Board of Education) in […]
Abbott-Wood Report, 1937 on Teacher Education
Abbott-Wood Report, 1937 During the Second World War, the country was facing many political challenges. Abbott-Wood report was published at this time, which had indirect effect on the prevailing teacher education system of the country. The structure, procedure and the whole system ofteacher education was studied in detail. It found that working conditions of teachers […]
Hartog Committee, 1929 on Teacher Education
Hartog Committee, 1929 During this period, the freedom struggle movement was going through incidents like the Jallianwaala Bagh Massacre and the Khilafat Movement. Hence, the education system did not get much attention. The political situation and societal atmosphere were instrumental in the appointment of a commission headed by Sir Philip Hartog, called Hartog Committee of […]
Calcutta University Commission, 1917 on Teacher Education
Calcutta University Commission, 1917 At the end of the World War in 1917, the Calcutta University Commission was set up to look into the quality of teaching in Calcutta University under the leadership of Sir Michael Sadler. This commission came to be known as the Sadler Commission or Calcutta University Commission. Even though the committee […]
Indian Education Commission (1882-83) on Teacher Education
Indian Education Commission (1882-83) The commission known as Indian Education Commission or Hunter Commission was appointed by Lord Rippon and Sir William Hunter to study the education system prevailing in the country submitted their report in 1882. The commission emphasized the need to open more normal schools to train teachers. They suggested opening at least […]
Lord Stanley’s Despatch, 1859 on Teacher Education
Lord Stanley’s Despatch, 1859 The recommendation of Wood’s Despatch was followed and strengthened by another despatch known as Lord Stanley’s Despatch of 1859. Many policymakers and rulers of the country failed in practicing some of the recommendations of Woods Despatch and Lord Stanley expressed his concern over this and came up with new recommendations. During this […]
Wood’s Despatch, 1854 on Teacher Education
Wood’s Despatch, 1854 Wood’s Despatch is a major landmark in the history of education in the country and, hence, also called ‘Magna Carta of English education in India’. This document was published in 1854 and recommended a good number of suggestions in the improvement of education of the country as well as the prevailing teacher […]
Teacher Education in Modern Period (AD 1700-AD 1947)
Modern Period (AD 1700-AD 1947) The modern education system started with the arrival of Christian missionaries in the country. The Christians came to India to establish trade relations with the country. Later on, they became the rulers of the country and started the modern education system. The credit of education of modern India lies with […]
Teacher Education in Medieval Period (AD 1200-AD 1700)
Medieval Period (AD 1200-AD 1700): The invasion of the Muslims paved the way for Muslim education in India. Even though Muslim education came into existence, some parts of the country still had the Brahminical system of education. The Muslim rulers of the medieval period had shown more interest in political affairs than the spread of […]
Teacher Education in Buddhist Period
Buddhist Period: During the Buddhist period, no educational institutions were present, instead religious centres like monasteries and viharas were the places where education was imparted. Gurukul system in Vedic period was replaced with ‘sangh’. Like Upanayan ceremony, students performed ‘pravrjya’ before entering a sangh. After the completion of ten years, a student had to stay […]
Teacher Education in Brahminical Period
Brahminical Period: During Vedic education, students were supposed to perform ‘Upanayan’ at the age of four to nine, thereafter, they were sent to Gurukuls for Brahminical education. The brahminical period is notable for learning Brahminical education, whose chief characteristics were: The students were sent to gurukuls like in Vedic period and students sat with the […]
Teacher education in Upanishad Period
Teacher Education in Upanishad Period: The period Upanishad is between 1400 BC and 600 BC, from the end of Rig Veda period to the beginning of Buddhism and Jainism. In the Upanishad period, after the spread of Vedic culture, the sacrificial rituals dominated and the Brahmin priests had the highest position in society. Accordingly, different […]
Teacher Education in Vedic Period
Teacher Education in Vedic Period: In the Vedic period, religion played a prominent role in education. The aim of education then was to attain salvation (Moksha). While receiving education, a person was supposed to engage in karmopasana, i.e., work of worship and, thus, purify the inner senses and gain the absolute (Brahma). The soul forgets […]
Thalassemia
Introduction: Thalassemia is a group of genetic blood disorders characterized by abnormal production of hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells. Individuals with thalassemia have a reduced amount of hemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin, leading to inadequate oxygen transport, anemia, and other health complications. Thalassemia is primarily inherited from parents who carry […]
Vitamins
Introduction: Vitamins are organic compounds that play crucial roles in various physiological processes and are essential for the normal functioning of the human body. They are necessary for growth, development, metabolism, and overall health. Vitamins are obtained from the diet, as the human body cannot synthesize sufficient amounts of most vitamins. There are 13 recognized […]
Hemophilia
Introduction: Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder characterized by the inability of the blood to clot properly. It is caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of specific clotting factors in the blood, which are essential for the coagulation process. Hemophilia is a rare condition that primarily affects males, and it can result in prolonged and […]
Human Skin
Introduction: Human skin is the largest organ in the human body, and it serves as a crucial protective barrier between our internal organs and the external environment. Besides providing protection, the skin plays a vital role in sensory perception, temperature regulation, and immune defense. Its complex structure and functions make it a remarkable organ with […]
Aliens
Introduction: The term “alien” refers to an extraterrestrial being or life form originating from a planet or celestial body beyond Earth. The concept of aliens has been a subject of fascination and speculation for centuries, fueling numerous debates, science fiction stories, and conspiracy theories. While there is no scientific evidence supporting the existence of extraterrestrial […]
UFO (Unidentified Flying Object)
Introduction: UFO, short for Unidentified Flying Object, refers to any aerial object or phenomenon that cannot be readily identified or explained by conventional means. UFOs have been a subject of intrigue, speculation, and controversy for decades, sparking debates about the existence of extraterrestrial life and potential visitations from advanced civilizations. While many UFO sightings have […]
PNG (Piped Natural Gas)
Introduction: PNG, short for Piped Natural Gas, is a form of natural gas that is delivered directly to homes, businesses, and industries through a network of underground pipelines. It is a convenient and clean energy solution that offers several benefits over traditional energy sources. PNG is primarily composed of methane (CH4), the main component of […]
CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)
Introduction: CNG, short for Compressed Natural Gas, is a type of natural gas that has been compressed to a high pressure (typically around 3,000 to 3,600 psi) to make it suitable for use as a transportation fuel. It is a clean and efficient alternative to traditional fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel. CNG is […]
LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)
Introduction: LNG, short for Liquefied Natural Gas, is a crucial component of the global energy landscape. It is a natural gas that has been cooled to extremely low temperatures (-162°C or -260°F) to convert it into a liquid state for ease of storage, transportation, and utilization. LNG is becoming increasingly popular as a clean and […]
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
Introduction: LPG, short for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, is a popular and versatile energy source used for various purposes, including cooking, heating, transportation, and industrial applications. It is a hydrocarbon gas mixture primarily composed of propane and butane, which can be easily liquefied under moderate pressure. This article provides a detailed overview of LPG, its properties, […]
Global Warming
Introduction: Global warming refers to the long-term increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. It is a consequence of human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, which release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Global warming is a significant aspect of the broader issue of climate change and has far-reaching consequences […]
Adolescence
Introduction: Adolescence is a transitional stage of development between childhood and adulthood, typically spanning from around ages 10 to 19. It is characterized by significant physical, emotional, cognitive, and social changes. This period is often referred to as a time of “stress and storm” due to the various challenges and adjustments adolescents face during this […]
Male Reproductive System
Introduction: The male reproductive system is a complex and specialized system responsible for the production and delivery of sperm, the male gametes, for fertilization. It also plays a role in producing hormones that influence male characteristics and sexual functions. This article provides a detailed overview of the male reproductive system, its anatomy, functions, and its […]
Female Reproductive System
Introduction: The female reproductive system is a complex and intricately designed system responsible for the formation, maturation, and release of eggs (ova), as well as the nurturing and development of a fertilized egg into a fetus during pregnancy. This article provides a detailed overview of the female reproductive system, its anatomy, functions, and the processes […]
Social Intelligence
Introduction: Social intelligence is the ability to effectively understand and interact with others in various social situations. It involves perceiving and interpreting social cues, managing emotions, communicating effectively, and forming positive and meaningful relationships. Social intelligence plays a crucial role in interpersonal relationships, teamwork, leadership, and overall social success. This article provides a detailed overview […]
Nervous System
Introduction: The nervous system is a complex and intricate network of cells, tissues, and organs that facilitates communication between different parts of the body. It plays a vital role in coordinating and controlling various bodily functions and responses to internal and external stimuli. This article provides a detailed overview of the nervous system, its structure, […]
Heart
Introduction: The heart is a vital organ in the human body responsible for pumping blood and delivering oxygen and nutrients to various tissues and organs. It plays a central role in the circulatory system, ensuring the proper functioning of all body systems. This article provides a detailed overview of the heart, its structure, function, and […]