Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Introduction: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that commonly begins in childhood but can persist into adulthood. It is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interferes with daily functioning and activities. ADHD can impact various aspects of life, including school or work performance, relationships, and overall well-being. Types of […]
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Introduction: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that develops in some individuals after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. It can occur in response to various traumatic incidents, such as war, natural disasters, accidents, abuse, or other life-threatening events. PTSD can profoundly affect a person’s thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and overall quality of […]
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Introduction: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental health condition characterized by unwanted and intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions). OCD can significantly impact a person’s daily life, relationships, and overall well-being, leading to distress and interference with daily functioning. Symptoms: OCD involves a cycle of obsessions and compulsions. Some common symptoms include: […]
Schizophrenia
Introduction: Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic mental disorder that profoundly affects a person’s thoughts, emotions, perceptions, and behavior. It is characterized by a disconnection from reality, resulting in a range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disturbances. Schizophrenia is a complex condition that requires comprehensive and ongoing treatment. Symptoms: The symptoms of schizophrenia can be […]
Bipolar Disorder
Introduction: Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic depression, is a chronic mental health condition that causes extreme shifts in mood, energy levels, and activity levels. People with bipolar disorder experience periods of intense elation and heightened activity (manic episodes) as well as periods of profound sadness and lethargy (depressive episodes). These mood swings can significantly […]
Anxiety Disorders
Introduction: Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive worry, fear, and apprehension. While anxiety is a normal and adaptive response to stress, anxiety disorders involve persistent and overwhelming feelings of distress that can significantly impact a person’s daily life, relationships, and well-being. Types of Anxiety Disorders: There are several types […]
Depression
Introduction: Depression is a common and serious mood disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed. Often referred to as the “silent struggle,” depression can significantly impact a person’s daily life, relationships, and overall well-being. Symptoms: […]
Calcitonin
Introduction: Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of the neck. It is involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood and plays a role in bone health. Calcitonin acts in opposition to parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases blood calcium levels, and together they […]
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Introduction: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a crucial hormone produced by the parathyroid glands, four small glands located on the back of the thyroid gland in the neck. PTH plays a central role in maintaining calcium and phosphate levels in the blood, which are essential for numerous physiological processes in the body. Functions: Medical Implications: Conclusion: […]
Ghrelin
Introduction: Ghrelin is a peptide hormone primarily produced by the stomach and a few other tissues in the body. It is often referred to as the “hunger hormone” because of its role in stimulating appetite and promoting food intake. Ghrelin is an essential component of the complex system that regulates hunger and satiety, contributing to […]
Leptin
Introduction: Leptin is a hormone produced primarily by adipose tissue (fat cells) and is involved in regulating appetite, metabolism, and energy balance. It plays a critical role in the body’s ability to maintain stable body weight and prevent excessive weight gain. Discovery and Function: Leptin was discovered in 1994 and is considered a crucial regulator […]
Serotonin
Introduction: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and a chemical messenger that plays a vital role in regulating various physiological processes in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. It is often associated with mood regulation, emotional well-being, and cognitive function. Serotonin is sometimes referred to as the “feel-good” neurotransmitter due to its influence on mood and […]
Melatonin
Introduction: Melatonin is a hormone produced primarily by the pineal gland, a small gland located in the brain. It is commonly known as the “sleep hormone” due to its critical role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin plays a key role in the body’s internal clock, known as the circadian rhythm, which influences various physiological […]
Oxytocin
Introduction: Oxytocin is a powerful hormone and neuropeptide that plays a crucial role in social bonding, reproduction, and emotional regulation. Often referred to as the “love hormone” or “bonding hormone,” oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland into the bloodstream and brain. Production and Release: Oxytocin is produced by […]
Prolactin
Introduction: Prolactin is a hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. It is primarily known for its role in lactation, the process of producing and secreting milk in mammary glands after childbirth. However, prolactin has multiple functions beyond lactation and plays a vital […]
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Introduction: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a critical hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. LH is a gonadotropin, meaning it plays a vital role in regulating the function of the gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males). LH works in conjunction with […]
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Introduction: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a crucial hormone produced and released by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. FSH plays a central role in the regulation of reproductive processes, particularly in both males and females. Its name is derived from its role in stimulating the growth and development […]
Progesterone
Introduction: Progesterone is a crucial hormone primarily associated with the female reproductive system. It plays a central role in preparing and maintaining the uterus for pregnancy and regulating the menstrual cycle. Progesterone works in coordination with estrogen to control various reproductive processes. Production and Regulation: Progesterone is produced by the ovaries, specifically by the corpus […]
Estrogen
Introduction: Estrogen is a group of hormones that play a central role in the female reproductive system and the development of female sexual characteristics. It is primarily produced in the ovaries, although small amounts are also produced in the adrenal glands and placenta during pregnancy. Types of Estrogen: There are three main types of estrogen […]
Testosterone
Introduction: Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone, belonging to a class of hormones called androgens. While it is predominantly associated with male sexual characteristics and reproduction, it also plays essential roles in various physiological processes in both males and females. Production and Regulation: Testosterone is primarily produced in the testes in males and in […]
Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
Introduction: Noradrenaline, also known as norepinephrine, is a neurotransmitter and hormone that plays a vital role in the body’s response to stress and in maintaining overall physiological balance. It is closely related to adrenaline (epinephrine) and works in conjunction with it to activate the body’s “fight or flight” response. Production and Release: Noradrenaline is produced […]
Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
Introduction: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands. It is a crucial component of the body’s immediate stress response, often referred to as the “fight or flight” response. Adrenaline prepares the body to react quickly and effectively in stressful or dangerous situations, ensuring survival and optimal performance. […]
Cortisol
Introduction: Cortisol, often referred to as the “stress hormone,” is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys. It is a crucial hormone that plays a significant role in the body’s response to stress, metabolism regulation, immune function, and maintaining overall homeostasis. Production and Regulation: The production […]
Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)
Introduction: Thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), are essential hormones produced by the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism, energy production, and overall body temperature. They influence various physiological processes and are vital for maintaining normal growth, development, and […]
Growth Hormone (GH)
Introduction: Growth Hormone (GH), also known as Somatotropin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. It plays a pivotal role in various physiological processes, most notably in promoting growth and development during childhood and adolescence. However, its influence extends beyond growth, affecting […]
Glucagon
Introduction: Glucagon is a hormone produced and secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It is a critical player in maintaining glucose homeostasis in the human body, working in opposition to insulin. While insulin lowers blood glucose levels, glucagon raises them. Together, these two hormones form a finely tuned regulatory system to ensure that […]
Insulin
Definition and Production: Insulin is a crucial hormone produced and secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. It plays a central role in regulating glucose metabolism in the human body. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach, and it houses specialized groups of cells called the Islets of Langerhans, which include beta […]
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Definition: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare and serious autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system, causing inflammation and damage to the nerves. The condition is characterized by the sudden onset of weakness, tingling, and loss of muscle function, which can progress rapidly and, in severe cases, lead to life-threatening complications. Causes: The exact […]
Stockholm Syndrome
Definition: Stockholm syndrome is a psychological phenomenon in which hostages or abuse victims develop positive feelings, empathy, or even affectionate attachment toward their captors or abusers. This emotional response may seem paradoxical, as the victims form a bond with those who are causing them harm or distress. Origin of the Term: The term “Stockholm syndrome” […]
Münchhausen Syndrome
Definition: Münchhausen syndrome, also known as factitious disorder imposed on self, is a rare and severe mental health condition in which individuals deliberately and intentionally feign or produce physical or psychological symptoms to draw attention to themselves or to assume the role of a patient. People with Münchhausen syndrome often have a strong desire to […]
Stendhal Syndrome
Definition: Stendhal syndrome, also known as Florence syndrome or hyperkulturemia, is a rare psychosomatic disorder characterized by a range of physical and emotional symptoms that occur in response to experiencing or being overwhelmed by great works of art or intense beauty. The condition is named after the 19th-century French author Stendhal, who described his experience […]
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Definition: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of specific antibodies that attack phospholipids, which are a type of fat found in cell membranes. These antibodies, known as antiphospholipid antibodies, can cause blood clotting abnormalities, leading to an increased risk of both arterial and venous blood clots. APS can also affect […]
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Definition: Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the inflammation of certain glands in the body, primarily the tear and salivary glands. This inflammation leads to decreased production of tears and saliva, resulting in dry eyes and dry mouth, known as sicca syndrome. Sjögren’s syndrome can also affect other parts of the body, […]
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
Definition: Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a group of rare genetic connective tissue disorders characterized by a defect in the synthesis and structure of collagen, which is a key component of the body’s connective tissues. Connective tissues provide support and elasticity to various structures, including the skin, joints, blood vessels, and organs. The faulty collagen production […]
Reye’s Syndrome
Definition: Reye’s syndrome is a rare but severe condition that primarily affects children and teenagers, characterized by acute encephalopathy (brain inflammation) and severe liver dysfunction. It is a medical emergency and requires immediate attention and management. Reye’s syndrome can have a rapid and potentially life-threatening progression, making early diagnosis and intervention crucial. Causes: The exact […]
Cushing’s Syndrome
Definition: Cushing’s syndrome is a rare endocrine disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It can result from excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal glands (endogenous Cushing’s syndrome) or from prolonged use of corticosteroid medications (exogenous Cushing’s syndrome). The condition can lead to a […]
Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)
Definition: Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom Disease, is a neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable sensations in the legs, leading to an irresistible urge to move them. The sensations typically occur when the affected person is at rest or trying to sleep, and they often improve with movement. RLS can significantly disrupt sleep […]
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Definition: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects the large intestine (colon). It is characterized by a group of chronic symptoms related to bowel habits and abdominal discomfort, without any evidence of structural or organic abnormalities in the digestive tract. IBS is a chronic condition that can fluctuate in severity […]
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)
Definition: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), is a complex and debilitating chronic illness that affects multiple body systems. It is characterized by profound and persistent fatigue, which is not relieved by rest and is often accompanied by various other symptoms, such as cognitive impairments, muscle pain, and flu-like symptoms. CFS/ME […]
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Definition: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by a combination of hormonal imbalances, irregular menstrual cycles, and the presence of multiple small cysts on the ovaries. PCOS can lead to a range of symptoms and complications, including difficulties with fertility, excessive hair growth, […]
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Definition: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a severe and permanent birth defect that occurs when a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, leading to detrimental effects on the developing fetus. FAS is the most severe end of a spectrum of conditions known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), which encompass a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral […]
Asperger Syndrome
Definition: Asperger syndrome was a previously recognized neurodevelopmental disorder that is now considered part of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). It was first described by Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger in the 1940s. Asperger syndrome was characterized by difficulties in social interaction, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. The term “Asperger’s” is no longer used in official diagnostic […]
Tourette Syndrome
Definition: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by involuntary and repetitive motor and vocal tics. Tics are sudden, brief, and repetitive movements or vocalizations that occur repeatedly and with no purpose. TS is often diagnosed during childhood, and its severity can vary widely among affected individuals. Symptoms and Clinical Features: The hallmark symptoms […]
Noonan Syndrome
Definition: Noonan syndrome is a relatively common genetic disorder that affects multiple body systems. It is named after Dr. Jacqueline Noonan, who first described the condition in 1963. Noonan syndrome is characterized by various physical features, developmental delays, and potential cardiac issues. It is caused by mutations in several genes, including PTPN11, SOS1, KRAS, RAF1, […]
Apert Syndrome
Definition: Apert syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormal growth of the skull and facial bones, leading to distinct craniofacial features. It is a type of craniosynostosis, a condition in which the sutures (fibrous joints) between the bones of the skull fuse prematurely, affecting the normal growth of the head and face. Apert […]
Cri du Chat Syndrome (5p-)
Definition: Cri du Chat syndrome, also known as 5p- syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder caused by the deletion of a portion of the short arm of chromosome 5. The name “Cri du Chat” comes from the characteristic high-pitched cry of affected infants, which sounds like the cry of a cat. The condition is typically […]
Rett Syndrome
Definition: Rett syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily affects females, occurring in approximately 1 in 10,000 to 15,000 live births. It is characterized by a loss of purposeful hand skills, severe cognitive and communication impairments, motor abnormalities, and the development of repetitive hand movements, such as hand-wringing or clapping. Rett syndrome is typically […]
Angelman Syndrome
Definition: Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects the nervous system, leading to developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, and distinctive behavioral characteristics. The condition is typically caused by a lack of functional copies of the UBE3A gene inherited from the mother, which is located on chromosome 15. Symptoms and Clinical Features: Angelman […]
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Definition: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by the loss of function of specific genes on the paternal chromosome 15. It affects multiple body systems and leads to a wide range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral challenges. PWS is characterized by severe hypotonia (low muscle tone) in infancy and early childhood, followed […]
DiGeorge Syndrome (22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome)
Definition: DiGeorge syndrome, also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), is a genetic disorder caused by a small missing piece (deletion) of chromosome 22. This condition is characterized by a wide range of physical, developmental, and immune system abnormalities. The severity of symptoms can vary widely among affected individuals. Symptoms and Clinical Features: DiGeorge syndrome […]