(A) Social Groups: Primary and Secondary; Social Processes: Associative and Dissociative; Education, Society, and Social Change; Education and Socialization
- Which of the following is a feature of a primary group?
A. Formal relations
B. Contractual obligation
C. Emotional attachment
D. Goal-oriented interaction
Answer: C - An example of a secondary group is:
A. Family
B. Peer group
C. Classroom
D. Trade union
Answer: D - Which of the following is an associative social process?
A. Conflict
B. Competition
C. Cooperation
D. Contravention
Answer: C - Which sociologist defined ‘Society as a web of social relationships’?
A. Auguste Comte
B. Emile Durkheim
C. MacIver and Page
D. Max Weber
Answer: C - Which of the following is not a characteristic of dissociative processes?
A. Cooperation
B. Conflict
C. Competition
D. Contravention
Answer: A - In the context of socialization, which agency is considered primary?
A. Mass Media
B. School
C. Family
D. Peer group
Answer: C - Social change refers to:
A. Static conditions in society
B. Random individual behavior
C. Significant alteration in social structure
D. Cultural lag only
Answer: C - The term ‘socialization’ refers to:
A. Isolation of individuals
B. Teaching only academic knowledge
C. Process of acquiring culture and values
D. Imitating superiors
Answer: C - Which of the following is a latent function of education?
A. Cultural transmission
B. Skill development
C. Social stratification
D. Social placement
Answer: C - Education helps in social mobility by:
A. Reinforcing class barriers
B. Restricting occupational choices
C. Enhancing personal merit
D. Eliminating competition
Answer: C - Formal education is most commonly associated with:
A. Informal transmission of culture
B. Family setting
C. Institutionalized learning
D. Peer group behavior
Answer: C - Which of the following thinkers viewed education as a means of social reconstruction?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. J.S. Mill
C. John Dewey
D. Herbert Spencer
Answer: C - Which one of the following is not an agent of socialization?
A. Family
B. Religion
C. Climate
D. School
Answer: C - The term ‘cultural lag’ was introduced by:
A. Auguste Comte
B. William F. Ogburn
C. Max Weber
D. Karl Marx
Answer: B - Which of the following plays a key role in secondary socialization?
A. Mother
B. School
C. Tribe
D. Childhood friends
Answer: B - Which is an example of an informal group?
A. School management committee
B. Sports club
C. Friend circle
D. Political party
Answer: C - Which of the following best describes competition?
A. Cooperative relationship
B. Hostile social interaction
C. Struggle for a limited goal
D. Equal distribution of power
Answer: C - Which of these sociologists emphasized the integrative role of education in society?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Karl Marx
C. Antonio Gramsci
D. Pierre Bourdieu
Answer: A - Social mobility can best be promoted through:
A. Inherited property
B. Caste-based occupation
C. Quality education
D. Family ties
Answer: C - The transmission of culture is primarily facilitated by:
A. Physical environment
B. Industrialization
C. Education
D. Law enforcement
Answer: C - Secondary groups are typically characterized by:
A. Personal relations
B. Emotional bonding
C. Task orientation
D. Shared lineage
Answer: C - The aim of education as a social process is to:
A. Maintain status quo
B. Develop individuality in social context
C. Eliminate diversity
D. Impose majority culture
Answer: B - Which of the following is not an associative process?
A. Cooperation
B. Accommodation
C. Conflict
D. Assimilation
Answer: C - Role conflict is mostly seen in:
A. Homogeneous societies
B. Primary social groups
C. Bureaucratic organizations
D. Rural families
Answer: C - Which process helps a person to adjust in a new social role?
A. Enculturation
B. Resocialization
C. Regression
D. Social regression
Answer: B
(B) Current Sociological Problems of Education in India:
Illiteracy, Universalisation of Primary Education, Equality of Educational Opportunity, Education of SC, ST, and OBC
- Which of the following is the main cause of educational inequality in India?
A. Uniform syllabus
B. Regional imbalance
C. Compulsory education laws
D. Growth of private schools
Answer: B - The term ‘universalisation of primary education’ refers to:
A. Compulsory higher education
B. Vocational education for all
C. Free and compulsory education up to class V or VIII
D. Reservation in schools
Answer: C - Which Article of the Indian Constitution guarantees free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 years?
A. Article 21
B. Article 45
C. Article 21A
D. Article 19
Answer: C - The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was passed in the year:
A. 2002
B. 2005
C. 2009
D. 2011
Answer: C - Which of the following is NOT a constitutional provision for SC/ST education?
A. Article 15(4)
B. Article 46
C. Article 350A
D. Article 312
Answer: D - The literacy rate in India is calculated based on the population aged:
A. 0 years and above
B. 7 years and above
C. 14 years and above
D. 6 to 14 years
Answer: B - Which of the following is a key challenge in achieving universal primary education?
A. Use of technology
B. Availability of funds
C. Trained teachers and infrastructure
D. Globalization
Answer: C - Which scheme was launched to promote girls’ education in India?
A. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
B. Digital India
C. Swachh Bharat Mission
D. Make in India
Answer: A - Illiteracy is considered a major barrier to development because it:
A. Creates skilled workers
B. Promotes entrepreneurship
C. Leads to dependency and poverty
D. Enhances cultural pride
Answer: C - Which report first highlighted the issue of inequality in Indian education system?
A. Kothari Commission (1964–66)
B. National Policy on Education (1986)
C. Mudaliar Commission
D. Radhakrishnan Commission
Answer: A - Reservation in educational institutions for SC/ST/OBCs in India aims at:
A. Enhancing cultural traditions
B. Compensating for historical discrimination
C. Promoting economic growth
D. International collaborations
Answer: B - Mid-Day Meal Scheme was introduced to:
A. Promote healthy eating habits
B. Increase school enrollment and retention
C. Reduce food subsidies
D. Improve teacher attendance
Answer: B - Which of the following is a major social consequence of illiteracy?
A. Social mobility
B. Civic participation
C. Social exclusion
D. Job satisfaction
Answer: C - The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) primarily aims to:
A. Promote adult literacy
B. Provide free uniforms
C. Achieve universal elementary education
D. Train secondary teachers
Answer: C - Which constitutional article directs the state to promote education and economic interests of weaker sections?
A. Article 39
B. Article 46
C. Article 29
D. Article 50
Answer: B - The dropout rate among SC/ST children is higher due to:
A. Excessive homework
B. Language barriers and social discrimination
C. Free books and meals
D. Availability of online learning
Answer: B - Which of the following is NOT an objective of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020?
A. Education for All
B. Emphasis on rote learning
C. Equity and Inclusion
D. Mother tongue-based instruction
Answer: B - The term ‘inclusive education’ emphasizes:
A. Admission based on IQ
B. Teaching only elite students
C. Equal opportunity for all children including marginalized
D. Separation of disabled students
Answer: C - According to Census 2011, which state had the highest literacy rate in India?
A. Tamil Nadu
B. Goa
C. Kerala
D. Maharashtra
Answer: C - Social exclusion in education primarily affects:
A. General category students
B. Urban elite
C. Marginalized communities like SC, ST, OBC
D. Online learners
Answer: C - The major goal of education for backward classes is to:
A. Maintain traditional occupations
B. Ensure social and economic upliftment
C. Limit competition
D. Encourage migration
Answer: B - Which of the following is NOT a reason for gender disparity in education in India?
A. Early marriage
B. Economic constraints
C. Preference for male child
D. High female teacher ratio
Answer: D - What percentage of seats are reserved for weaker sections in private unaided schools under RTE Act?
A. 15%
B. 25%
C. 30%
D. 10%
Answer: B - Which policy emphasized the removal of disparities and equalization of educational opportunity?
A. NEP 1968
B. NEP 1986
C. NEP 2020
D. SSA
Answer: B - Which of the following is an outcome of educational inequality?
A. National integration
B. Economic growth
C. Social mobility
D. Class conflict
Answer: D - Which of the following is an indicator of educational backwardness?
A. High Gross Enrollment Ratio
B. High Literacy Rate
C. High Dropout Rate
D. High Teacher-Pupil Ratio
Answer: C
52. Which constitutional amendment made education a fundamental right?
A. 86th Amendment
B. 42nd Amendment
C. 44th Amendment
D. 93rd Amendment
Answer: A
53. The Ashram Schools for tribal children were first started by:
A. Jawaharlal Nehru
B. Rabindranath Tagore
C. Mahatma Gandhi
D. Vinoba Bhave
Answer: C
54. Which of the following best defines ‘Equality of Educational Opportunity’?
A. Same syllabus for all
B. Free education for the rich
C. Equal access and conditions for learning irrespective of background
D. One examination for everyone
Answer: C
55. What is a major objective of the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)?
A. Educating boys in rural areas
B. Promoting technical education
C. Providing residential education to girls from disadvantaged groups
D. Supporting online learning for women
Answer: C
56. Which of the following is not a cause of illiteracy in India?
A. Poverty
B. Lack of schools
C. Political will
D. Free textbook distribution
Answer: D
57. ‘Social stratification’ refers to:
A. Social mixing
B. Hierarchical arrangement of individuals in society
C. Economic development
D. Educational innovation
Answer: B
58. In the context of social change, education acts as:
A. An agent of transmission only
B. A conservative force
C. A powerful tool for transformation
D. A barrier to development
Answer: C
59. One of the keys aims of education in a democratic society is:
A. Creating passive citizens
B. Promoting rote learning
C. Developing critical thinking and active participation
D. Limiting access to knowledge
Answer: C
60. Reservation for OBCs in educational institutions was upheld by the Supreme Court in which case?
A. Kesavananda Bharati case
B. Golaknath case
C. Indra Sawhney case
D. Minerva Mills case
Answer: C
61. Which of the following helps in the removal of gender bias in education?
A. Gender-neutral textbooks
B. Male-dominated curriculum
C. Restriction on girls’ sports
D. Separate exams for girls
Answer: A
62. A major outcome of inclusive education is:
A. Better marks for elite students
B. Segregation of disabled children
C. Social integration of all learners
D. Focus on competition
Answer: C
63. Who emphasized the idea of “Education as a social function”?
A. Plato
B. John Dewey
C. Rousseau
D. Paulo Freire
Answer: B
64. Which level of education faces the highest dropout rate in India?
A. Pre-primary
B. Upper Primary
C. Secondary
D. Higher Education
Answer: C
65. Social mobility through education implies:
A. Static caste roles
B. Job security for all
C. Movement from one social position to another
D. Equal pay
Answer: C
66. Which policy promotes vocational education from school level?
A. NEP 1968
B. NEP 1986
C. NEP 2020
D. SSA 2001
Answer: C
67. Educational institutions in India are categorized into how many major sectors?
A. 2 (Private and Public)
B. 3 (Central, State, Private)
C. 4 (Rural, Urban, Tribal, Slum)
D. 5 (Formal, Non-formal, Online, Distance, Informal)
Answer: B
68. Socialization through schooling primarily aims at:
A. Repressing individuality
B. Promoting only academic success
C. Inculcating societal norms and cooperation
D. Teaching political ideologies
Answer: C
69. Which sociologist viewed education as a tool of cultural reproduction?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Bourdieu
C. Marx
D. Weber
Answer: B
70. Which of the following best describes social inclusion in education?
A. Providing scholarships to top scorers
B. Ensuring all groups, especially disadvantaged, participate equally
C. Only religious education for minorities
D. Privilege for urban elite
Answer: B
71. Which is a social function of education?
A. Maximizing profits
B. Cultural transmission
C. Industrial production
D. Urban migration
Answer: B
72. Education becomes a tool of oppression when:
A. It is freely available
B. It promotes only dominant ideology and silences others
C. It uses new technologies
D. It offers scholarship to SC/ST students
Answer: B
73. The term ‘hidden curriculum’ refers to:
A. Officially prescribed syllabus
B. Extracurricular activities
C. Unstated social and cultural messages transmitted in school
D. Special education programs
Answer: C
74. A major obstacle in tribal education in India is:
A. English medium schools
B. Residential facilities
C. Language barrier and cultural alienation
D. Over-enrollment
Answer: C
75. Which of the following is not a feature of social change through education?
A. Breaking stereotypes
B. Promoting critical thinking
C. Enhancing superstition
D. Developing scientific temper
Answer: C
76. Which of the following is not an agent of secondary socialization?
A. Family
B. School
C. Peer Group
D. Mass Media
Answer: A
77. Education contributes to social control by:
A. Encouraging rebellion
B. Promoting cultural pluralism
C. Instilling norms and values
D. Eliminating traditions
Answer: C
78. The process of learning one’s own culture is called:
A. Acculturation
B. Assimilation
C. Enculturation
D. Social exclusion
Answer: C
79. Which policy document introduced the concept of ‘Common School System’?
A. Mudaliar Commission
B. Kothari Commission
C. NPE 1986
D. NEP 2020
Answer: B
80. The goal of the ‘Operation Blackboard’ scheme was to:
A. Provide digital education
B. Ensure blackboards in all classrooms
C. Improve school infrastructure in primary schools
D. Train teachers for higher education
Answer: C
81. Which of the following is an example of social inequality in education?
A. Uniform syllabus
B. Equal access to libraries
C. Private coaching based on economic status
D. Online classes for all
Answer: C
82. Who developed the concept of ‘Cultural Capital’ in the context of education?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Paulo Freire
C. Bourdieu
D. Herbert Spencer
Answer: C
83. Which of the following terms is associated with inclusive education?
A. Special Schools
B. Segregated Curriculum
C. Least Restrictive Environment
D. Achievement Gaps
Answer: C
84. In Indian context, which article ensures instruction in mother tongue at the primary stage?
A. Article 29(1)
B. Article 350A
C. Article 46
D. Article 21A
Answer: B
85. A significant feature of NEP 2020 is:
A. Restriction of school years
B. Elimination of preschool education
C. 5+3+3+4 curricular structure
D. Focus on memorization
Answer: C
86. Which of the following is a barrier to achieving equality in education?
A. Inclusive policies
B. Digital divide
C. Scholarship programs
D. Community participation
Answer: B
87. Sociologically, education functions to maintain:
A. Anarchy
B. Social order
C. Political partisanship
D. Ethnic segregation
Answer: B
88. Education is considered an instrument of social mobility because it:
A. Preserves traditional values
B. Prevents upward movement
C. Enables individuals to improve socio-economic status
D. Promotes regionalism
Answer: C
89. Which of the following is the most suitable strategy for promoting equity in education?
A. Equal fees for all
B. Use of a foreign medium of instruction
C. Differential support based on need
D. Uniform curriculum without flexibility
Answer: C
90. The term “functional illiteracy” refers to:
A. People who cannot read or write
B. People who are not computer literate
C. People who can read and write but cannot use these skills in daily life
D. People who are formally educated
Answer: C
91. What is the primary goal of the RMSA (Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan)?
A. Universal adult education
B. Universalization of secondary education
C. College autonomy
D. Privatization of education
Answer: B
92. A key feature of socially inclusive education is:
A. Homogeneity in classroom
B. Encouraging meritocracy without support
C. Accommodating diverse learner needs
D. Limiting participation of weaker sections
Answer: C
93. Which of the following is a dissociative social process?
A. Accommodation
B. Cooperation
C. Conflict
D. Assimilation
Answer: C
94. Marginalization in education often results in:
A. Increased enrollment
B. Higher literacy rate
C. Dropout and alienation
D. International collaboration
Answer: C
95. Education promotes national integration by:
A. Encouraging regionalism
B. Dividing learners by class
C. Spreading common values and knowledge
D. Focusing only on technical skills
Answer: C
96. Which of the following commissions emphasized education for national development?
A. Radhakrishnan Commission
B. Mudaliar Commission
C. Kothari Commission
D. University Grants Commission
Answer: C
97. Education for sustainable development emphasizes:
A. High-tech infrastructure
B. Environmental awareness and responsible citizenship
C. Advanced research
D. Economic growth at any cost
Answer: B
98. Inclusion of SC/ST in mainstream education improves:
A. Political campaigns
B. Literacy statistics only
C. Social cohesion and equality
D. Urban migration
Answer: C
99. Which of the following is not an aim of socialization through education?
A. Building social values
B. Learning discipline
C. Encouraging social deviance
D. Developing citizenship
Answer: C
100. The NEP 2020 aims to transform India into:
A. A digitally literate nation
B. A knowledge society
C. An agricultural power
D. A military leader
Answer: B