1. Who authored the book “The Abilities of Man” where the Two-Factor Theory was discussed?
A. Alfred Binet
B. Charles Spearman
C. E.L. Thorndike
D. J.P. Guilford
Answer: B. Charles Spearman
Explanation: Spearman elaborated on his Two-Factor Theory in “The Abilities of Man” (1927).
2. Who is considered the pioneer of the Two-Factor Theory of intelligence?
A. L.L. Thurstone
B. Charles Spearman
C. David Wechsler
D. Howard Gardner
Answer: B. Charles Spearman
Explanation: Spearman introduced the concept of a general (g) and specific (s) intelligence.
3. Charles Spearman published his original theory in which year?
A. 1905
B. 1904
C. 1927
D. 1910
Answer: B. 1904
Explanation: Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory was first introduced in 1904.
4. Which psychologist is most associated with the statistical technique of factor analysis used in intelligence studies?
A. David Wechsler
B. Alfred Binet
C. Charles Spearman
D. Jean Piaget
Answer: C. Charles Spearman
Explanation: Spearman applied factor analysis to identify the g and s factors.
5. Who defined intelligence as “the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment”?
A. Charles Spearman
B. L.L. Thurstone
C. David Wechsler
D. Alfred Binet
Answer: C. David Wechsler
Explanation: This definition is attributed to David Wechsler, who also developed the Wechsler intelligence scales.
6. The book “The Measurement of Intelligence” was authored by:
A. Charles Spearman
B. Alfred Binet
C. Lewis Terman
D. Jean Piaget
Answer: C. Lewis Terman
Explanation: Terman published this work and adapted the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
7. Which psychologist revised the Binet Intelligence Scale for use in America?
A. Robert Sternberg
B. David Wechsler
C. Lewis Terman
D. Charles Spearman
Answer: C. Lewis Terman
Explanation: Terman adapted Binet’s test to form the Stanford-Binet Test.
8. Who wrote “Mental Tests and Measurements”, laying early groundwork for intelligence testing?
A. E.L. Thorndike
B. James McKeen Cattell
C. David Wechsler
D. Charles Spearman
Answer: B. James McKeen Cattell
Explanation: Cattell coined the term “mental test” in this book.
9. Who is the author of “Structure of Intellect” theory, contrasting Spearman’s model?
A. Thurstone
B. Wechsler
C. Guilford
D. Gardner
Answer: C. Guilford
Explanation: J.P. Guilford proposed the Structure of Intellect (SOI) model in opposition to Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory.
10. The term ‘g’ factor was introduced by:
A. Howard Gardner
B. Alfred Binet
C. Charles Spearman
D. Jean Piaget
Answer: C. Charles Spearman
Explanation: ‘g’ or general intelligence was central to Spearman’s theory.
11. In which book did Howard Gardner propose his theory of Multiple Intelligences?
A. Frames of Mind
B. Intelligence: Its Structure
C. Theories of Intelligence
D. The Mind’s New Science
Answer: A. Frames of Mind
Explanation: Gardner presented his Multiple Intelligences theory in Frames of Mind (1983).
12. Who is the author of “The Nature of Human Intelligence”?
A. Robert Sternberg
B. J.P. Guilford
C. L.L. Thurstone
D. E.L. Thorndike
Answer: A. Robert Sternberg
Explanation: Sternberg is known for the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
13. The concept of ‘s’ factor in intelligence was introduced by:
A. Spearman
B. Binet
C. Thorndike
D. Terman
Answer: A. Spearman
Explanation: Along with ‘g’, Spearman also introduced the ‘s’ factor, meaning specific abilities.
14. The term IQ (Intelligence Quotient) was first coined by:
A. Stern
B. Binet
C. Terman
D. Wechsler
Answer: A. William Stern
Explanation: William Stern introduced the concept of IQ = Mental Age / Chronological Age × 100.
15. Which psychologist believed intelligence involved three abilities: analytical, creative, and practical?
A. Spearman
B. Sternberg
C. Gardner
D. Thorndike
Answer: B. Sternberg
Explanation: Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.
16. Who developed the first successful intelligence test?
A. Spearman
B. Binet and Simon
C. Terman
D. Thorndike
Answer: B. Binet and Simon
Explanation: In 1905, Binet and Simon developed the first practical intelligence test for identifying children needing special help.
17. Which test was created by David Wechsler for adults?
A. WAIS
B. WISC
C. Stanford-Binet
D. SOI
Answer: A. WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
Explanation: The WAIS measures intelligence in adults and is widely used today.
18. Which psychologist emphasized “convergent and divergent thinking” in intelligence?
A. Spearman
B. Binet
C. Guilford
D. Wechsler
Answer: C. Guilford
Explanation: Guilford distinguished between convergent (logical) and divergent (creative) thinking.
19. Who proposed “Emotional Intelligence” as part of broader intelligence?
A. Daniel Goleman
B. Charles Spearman
C. Guilford
D. Gardner
Answer: A. Daniel Goleman
Explanation: Daniel Goleman popularized Emotional Intelligence in his 1995 book of the same name.
20. In his book “The Abilities of Man”, Spearman focused on:
A. Measuring IQ
B. Multiple intelligences
C. Structure of intellect
D. Two-Factor Theory
Answer: D. Two-Factor Theory
Explanation: The Two-Factor Theory is the central theme in Spearman’s The Abilities of Man (1927).
21. Who is the founder of the first psychological laboratory, whose influence led to early studies on mental abilities?
A. Alfred Binet
B. William James
C. Wilhelm Wundt
D. Charles Spearman
Answer: C. Wilhelm Wundt
Explanation: Wundt established the first psychology lab in Leipzig in 1879, influencing future psychologists like Spearman.
22. Spearman was a student of which leading psychologist of the time?
A. Galton
B. Wundt
C. Titchener
D. Thorndike
Answer: A. Galton
Explanation: Spearman was influenced by Francis Galton’s work on heredity and measurement of mental abilities.
23. Which psychologist believed that intelligence is made up of multiple primary mental abilities rather than a general factor?
A. Charles Spearman
B. L.L. Thurstone
C. David Wechsler
D. J.P. Guilford
Answer: B. L.L. Thurstone
Explanation: Thurstone proposed Group Factor Theory based on primary mental abilities, in contrast to Spearman’s ‘g’.
24. The Spearman-Brown prophecy formula is related to:
A. Emotional intelligence
B. Test reliability
C. Creativity measurement
D. IQ scoring
Answer: B. Test reliability
Explanation: The Spearman-Brown formula is used to estimate the reliability of a test.
25. Charles Spearman was a native of which country?
A. France
B. Germany
C. England
D. United States
Answer: C. England
Explanation: Charles Spearman was a British psychologist and statistician.
26. The general intelligence factor ‘g’ proposed by Spearman refers to:
A. Domain-specific knowledge
B. Emotional maturity
C. Overall mental ability
D. Intelligence quotient
Answer: C. Overall mental ability
Explanation: The ‘g’ factor reflects the overall mental energy or cognitive ability.
27. The psychologist who first used statistical correlation in intelligence testing was:
A. Charles Spearman
B. Alfred Binet
C. Francis Galton
D. E.L. Thorndike
Answer: C. Francis Galton
Explanation: Galton pioneered statistical correlation, influencing Spearman’s later use in factor analysis.
28. Which of the following is not a contribution of Charles Spearman?
A. Two-Factor Theory
B. Factor Analysis
C. Structure of Intellect Model
D. Spearman-Brown formula
Answer: C. Structure of Intellect Model
Explanation: The Structure of Intellect (SOI) model was developed by J.P. Guilford, not Spearman.
29. Who published the first usable intelligence test for children?
A. Spearman
B. Binet and Simon
C. Terman
D. Sternberg
Answer: B. Binet and Simon
Explanation: The Binet-Simon Scale (1905) was the first practical test for assessing children’s intelligence.
30. Who stated, “Intelligence is what intelligence tests measure”?
A. Thorndike
B. Spearman
C. Boring
D. Terman
Answer: C. E.G. Boring
Explanation: E.G. Boring gave this operational definition of intelligence, highlighting the lack of consensus.
31. In factor analysis, ‘g’ factor shows up as a:
A. Rotated factor
B. Unique factor
C. Common factor
D. Negative factor
Answer: C. Common factor
Explanation: The ‘g’ factor is a common factor present in multiple intellectual tasks.
32. Who is credited with developing the technique of correlation coefficient used in intelligence studies?
A. Spearman
B. Binet
C. Galton
D. Terman
Answer: C. Galton
Explanation: Galton developed the statistical basis for correlation used by Spearman in factor analysis.
33. The book “Human Abilities and Their Measurement” is associated with which psychologist?
A. Spearman
B. Thurstone
C. Terman
D. Guilford
Answer: A. Spearman
Explanation: Spearman’s work focused on measuring human cognitive abilities and developing statistical tools.
34. Who proposed that intelligence is made up of fluid and crystallized intelligence?
A. Spearman
B. Wechsler
C. Cattell
D. Guilford
Answer: C. Raymond Cattell
Explanation: Cattell distinguished between fluid intelligence (problem-solving) and crystallized intelligence (knowledge-based).
35. Which book by Binet outlines the principles of testing mental capacity?
A. The Psychology of Intelligence
B. Structure of Mind
C. The Abilities of Man
D. Tests and Measurements
Answer: A. The Psychology of Intelligence
Explanation: In The Psychology of Intelligence, Binet laid the foundation for measuring mental abilities.
36. Charles Spearman’s doctoral dissertation was on:
A. Human intelligence
B. Experimental psychology
C. Sound localization
D. Educational testing
Answer: C. Sound localization
Explanation: Spearman’s early work was on sound perception, showing his scientific and experimental grounding.
37. In which field did Spearman serve before becoming a psychologist?
A. Medicine
B. Engineering
C. Military
D. Law
Answer: C. Military
Explanation: Spearman served in the British Army for over a decade before pursuing psychology.
38. What is the key difference between Spearman’s and Thurstone’s theories of intelligence?
A. Spearman used statistics, Thurstone did not
B. Spearman believed in general factor, Thurstone in multiple primary factors
C. Thurstone rejected intelligence testing
D. Spearman included creativity
Answer: B. Spearman believed in general factor, Thurstone in multiple primary factors
Explanation: Spearman emphasized ‘g’, while Thurstone proposed multiple intelligences without a general factor.
39. Which famous student of Spearman continued research in factor analysis and intelligence?
A. Raymond Cattell
B. J.P. Guilford
C. Robert Sternberg
D. E.L. Thorndike
Answer: A. Raymond Cattell
Explanation: Cattell, a student of Spearman, expanded the work using fluid and crystallized intelligence.
40. In the Two-Factor Theory, Spearman claimed that:
A. Intelligence is purely hereditary
B. Each task requires general and specific intelligence
C. Intelligence is environment-dependent
D. Intelligence cannot be measured
Answer: B. Each task requires general and specific intelligence
Explanation: According to Spearman, ‘g’ and ‘s’ factors operate together in most tasks.
41. Who defined intelligence as the capacity to learn and to adapt to a new environment?
A. Thorndike
B. Wechsler
C. Spearman
D. Binet
Answer: B. Wechsler
Explanation: David Wechsler defined intelligence as the “global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment.”
42. The Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence was proposed by:
A. Alfred Binet
B. Charles Spearman
C. J.P. Guilford
D. Thurstone
Answer: B. Charles Spearman
Explanation: Charles Spearman proposed the Two-Factor Theory in 1904, consisting of general intelligence (g) and specific intelligence (s).
43. According to Spearman’s theory, the ‘g’ factor represents:
A. Genetic intelligence
B. Group intelligence
C. General intelligence
D. Gestalt intelligence
Answer: C. General intelligence
Explanation: The ‘g’ factor is a general mental ability that affects performance on all intellectual tasks.
44. In Two-Factor Theory, the ‘s’ factor stands for:
A. Shared skills
B. Specific intelligence
C. Standard performance
D. School achievement
Answer: B. Specific intelligence
Explanation: The ‘s’ factor refers to abilities specific to a certain task, such as mathematical or linguistic skills.
45. The Two-Factor Theory was based on:
A. Experimental results
B. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) scores
C. Factor analysis technique
D. Case studies
Answer: C. Factor analysis technique
Explanation: Spearman used factor analysis to analyze intelligence test scores and found correlations suggesting a general intelligence factor.
46. The main limitation of Spearman’s theory is that it:
A. Ignores creativity
B. Overemphasizes memory
C. Does not explain emotional intelligence
D. Over-simplifies intelligence into two factors
Answer: D. Over-simplifies intelligence into two factors
Explanation: Critics argue that Spearman’s model is too simplistic and doesn’t consider the multifaceted nature of intelligence.
47. Spearman’s theory emphasizes the role of:
A. Experience over heredity
B. Unitary intelligence
C. Multiple intelligence
D. Emotional intelligence
Answer: B. Unitary intelligence
Explanation: Spearman emphasized a single, general factor (g) that underlies all cognitive abilities.
48. Which of the following best describes the relationship between ‘g’ and ‘s’ in Spearman’s theory?
A. ‘g’ and ‘s’ are independent
B. ‘g’ is derived from ‘s’
C. ‘s’ is a subset of ‘g’
D. ‘g’ and ‘s’ work together in any task
Answer: D. ‘g’ and ‘s’ work together in any task
Explanation: Every mental task requires a general ability (‘g’) and a task-specific ability (‘s’).
49. Intelligence is generally considered as:
A. A single, fixed ability
B. The total of acquired knowledge
C. The ability to learn and solve problems
D. The memorization of facts
Answer: C. The ability to learn and solve problems
Explanation: Intelligence broadly refers to reasoning, problem-solving, adaptability, and learning capacity.
50. According to Spearman, a student who performs well in math is likely to:
A. Fail in verbal tasks
B. Perform poorly in abstract reasoning
C. Also perform well in other areas
D. Not necessarily perform well in other areas
Answer: C. Also perform well in other areas
Explanation: Due to the influence of ‘g’, performance in one area often correlates with others.
51. Which psychologist is associated with the concept of ‘g’ and ‘s’ factors?
A. Gardner
B. Binet
C. Spearman
D. Stern
Answer: C. Spearman
Explanation: The ‘g’ and ‘s’ factors were introduced by Charles Spearman.
52. Spearman’s ‘s’ factor can explain why:
A. Some students are equally good in all subjects
B. A student excels in music but not in mathematics
C. Intelligence is only genetically inherited
D. Intelligence cannot be measured
Answer: B. A student excels in music but not in mathematics
Explanation: The ‘s’ factor accounts for specialized abilities in specific fields or tasks.
53. Spearman’s theory is considered a type of:
A. Multivariate theory
B. Unit-factor theory
C. Unitary theory
D. Group-factor theory
Answer: B. Unit-factor theory
Explanation: Spearman’s theory is often termed a unit-factor theory because of the central role of the ‘g’ factor.
54. Which of the following best critiques Spearman’s theory?
A. It ignores test standardization
B. It ignores social intelligence
C. It undervalues the diversity of human intelligence
D. It doesn’t rely on statistical tools
Answer: C. It undervalues the diversity of human intelligence
Explanation: The theory does not account for the various dimensions of intelligence, such as emotional or creative intelligence.
55. The Two-Factor Theory is also known as:
A. Hierarchical theory
B. Unitary theory
C. General-Specific theory
D. Structural theory
Answer: C. General-Specific theory
Explanation: The theory consists of a general (g) and a specific (s) component — hence, General-Specific theory.
56. Which of the following modern intelligence theories expanded beyond Spearman’s model?
A. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
B. Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
C. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
D. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Answer: A. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Explanation: Gardner proposed eight distinct types of intelligence, contrasting with Spearman’s unitary ‘g’ factor.
57. Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory emphasizes what kind of correlation?
A. Zero correlation between tests
B. Negative correlation among skills
C. Positive correlation among different cognitive tasks
D. No correlation at all
Answer: C. Positive correlation among different cognitive tasks
Explanation: Spearman noticed that individuals who do well on one cognitive task often do well on others too.
58. General intelligence (g) is responsible for:
A. Only academic performance
B. Task-specific performance only
C. Overall efficiency in thinking and reasoning
D. Physical fitness
Answer: C. Overall efficiency in thinking and reasoning
Explanation: The ‘g’ factor determines a person’s general mental efficiency across tasks.
59. The method used by Spearman to identify ‘g’ and ‘s’ is:
A. Experimental observation
B. Survey method
C. Case study
D. Factor analysis
Answer: D. Factor analysis
Explanation: Spearman used factor analysis to statistically analyze relationships between different mental ability tests.
60. Which of the following best exemplifies the ‘s’ factor?
A. IQ
B. Problem-solving in novel situations
C. Solving a geometry problem
D. Adapting to environmental changes
Answer: C. Solving a geometry problem
Explanation: A geometry problem requires specific intelligence — a perfect example of an ‘s’ factor ability.