1. Who is considered the father of modern Educational Sociology?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. George Payne
C. Auguste Comte
D. John Dewey
Answer: B. George Payne
Explanation: George Payne is recognized for applying sociological principles directly to education and is regarded as the father of Educational Sociology.
2. Emile Durkheim’s famous book related to education is:
A. Education and Sociology
B. Democracy and Education
C. School and Society
D. Pedagogy of the Oppressed
Answer: A. Education and Sociology
Explanation: In Education and Sociology, Durkheim discusses the role of education in maintaining social solidarity and transmitting societal norms.
3. John Dewey’s influential book in educational theory is:
A. Social Structure and Education
B. Democracy and Education
C. Pedagogy of the Oppressed
D. Capitalism and Education
Answer: B. Democracy and Education
Explanation: Dewey’s Democracy and Education emphasizes the role of education in a democratic society and the importance of experiential learning.
4. Who wrote School and Society?
A. Paulo Freire
B. Max Weber
C. John Dewey
D. George Payne
Answer: C. John Dewey
Explanation: Dewey wrote School and Society in 1899, advocating that schools should mirror and prepare students for democratic life.
5. The book Pedagogy of the Oppressed was written by:
A. George Payne
B. Paulo Freire
C. Ivan Illich
D. Bowles and Gintis
Answer: B. Paulo Freire
Explanation: This work presents a revolutionary approach to education and highlights the importance of critical pedagogy.
6. Deschooling Society is a work by:
A. Paulo Freire
B. Ivan Illich
C. Emile Durkheim
D. John Dewey
Answer: B. Ivan Illich
Explanation: Ivan Illich criticizes institutionalized education and proposes informal learning and community-based alternatives.
7. Who developed the theory of ‘Correspondence Principle’ in education?
A. Karl Marx
B. John Dewey
C. Bowles and Gintis
D. Durkheim
Answer: C. Bowles and Gintis
Explanation: In Schooling in Capitalist America, they argue that schools reproduce the social relations of production, maintaining class inequality.
8. The term ‘Cultural Capital’ was introduced by:
A. Pierre Bourdieu
B. Max Weber
C. Emile Durkheim
D. George Payne
Answer: A. Pierre Bourdieu
Explanation: Bourdieu introduced ‘cultural capital’ to explain how privileged groups maintain dominance through educational institutions.
9. Who authored The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life?
A. John Dewey
B. Karl Marx
C. Erving Goffman
D. Bowles and Gintis
Answer: C. Erving Goffman
Explanation: Goffman used dramaturgical analysis to study social interaction, which also applies to classroom behavior and role performance in education.
10. The Sociological Imagination was written by:
A. Paulo Freire
B. George Payne
C. C. Wright Mills
D. Ivan Illich
Answer: C. C. Wright Mills
Explanation: Mills emphasized connecting personal experiences with larger social structures, relevant to understanding educational inequality.
11. Auguste Comte is known for:
A. Functional theory of education
B. Coining the term ‘sociology’
C. Radical deschooling
D. Critical pedagogy
Answer: B. Coining the term ‘sociology’
Explanation: Comte is considered the father of sociology and laid the groundwork for understanding society scientifically.
12. Which sociologist focused on “Bureaucracy and Education”?
A. Karl Marx
B. Max Weber
C. Durkheim
D. Goffman
Answer: B. Max Weber
Explanation: Weber’s analysis of bureaucracy extends to educational institutions, highlighting hierarchical organization and rationalization.
13. The idea of education as a means of social reproduction was emphasized by:
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Ivan Illich
C. Bowles and Gintis
D. John Dewey
Answer: C. Bowles and Gintis
Explanation: They argued that education systems help reproduce social class structures through hidden curriculum and control.
14. Who wrote Ideology and Curriculum?
A. Michael Apple
B. Paulo Freire
C. George Payne
D. Max Weber
Answer: A. Michael Apple
Explanation: Apple explored how curriculum reflects dominant ideologies and can serve as a tool for social control.
15. Who authored Learning to Labour?
A. Basil Bernstein
B. Pierre Bourdieu
C. Paul Willis
D. John Dewey
Answer: C. Paul Willis
Explanation: Willis studied working-class boys and how their school experience prepared them for working-class jobs, reinforcing social stratification.
16. Basil Bernstein is known for his work on:
A. Cultural reproduction theory
B. Language codes and education
C. Hidden curriculum
D. Technocratic education
Answer: B. Language codes and education
Explanation: Bernstein introduced the concepts of ‘elaborated’ and ‘restricted’ codes in communication, affecting educational outcomes.
17. Who introduced the concept of “Status Attainment” in educational research?
A. Halsey
B. Blau and Duncan
C. Max Weber
D. George Payne
Answer: B. Blau and Duncan
Explanation: In their model, Blau and Duncan analyzed how family background and education influence occupational status.
18. Who wrote Education, Economy and Society?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Bourdieu and Passeron
C. Karl Marx
D. Paulo Freire
Answer: B. Bourdieu and Passeron
Explanation: They elaborated on how education serves to maintain class-based inequalities through mechanisms like cultural capital.
19. The Child and the Curriculum is written by:
A. Ivan Illich
B. John Dewey
C. Paulo Freire
D. Max Weber
Answer: B. John Dewey
Explanation: Dewey’s The Child and the Curriculum emphasizes a balanced approach to subject matter and the learner’s experiences.
20. Which of the following sociologists is known for his work on Anomie and its educational implications?
A. Karl Marx
B. Emile Durkheim
C. Ivan Illich
D. Paulo Freire
Answer: B. Emile Durkheim
Explanation: Durkheim used the concept of anomie to explain a state of normlessness, which can impact educational environments and student behavior.
21. Which of the following best defines Educational Sociology?
A. Study of the psychological aspects of education
B. Application of sociological principles to education
C. Statistical analysis of classroom performance
D. Study of curriculum development
Answer: B. Application of sociological principles to education
Explanation: Educational Sociology is the study of how social institutions and forces affect educational processes and outcomes. It applies sociological theories to understand educational practices.
22. Who is considered the father of Educational Sociology?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. John Dewey
C. Auguste Comte
D. George Payne
Answer: D. George Payne
Explanation: George Payne is known for his work in applying sociological insights to education, making him a pioneer in the field of Educational Sociology.
23. What is the primary function of education according to Functionalists?
A. To bring about social inequality
B. To challenge the status quo
C. To maintain social order and stability
D. To develop emotional intelligence
Answer: C. To maintain social order and stability
Explanation: Functionalist theorists like Durkheim believe education reinforces social norms and values, thus contributing to social cohesion.
24. According to Emile Durkheim, the role of education is to:
A. Promote radical social change
B. Foster individual rebellion
C. Transmit society’s norms and values
D. Encourage political participation
Answer: C. Transmit society’s norms and values
Explanation: Durkheim emphasized that education is a key mechanism for the transmission of collective norms, morals, and values.
25. The conflict theory in education mainly focuses on:
A. Emotional development of students
B. Equality and universal education
C. Inequality and power dynamics
D. Developing scientific temper
Answer: C. Inequality and power dynamics
Explanation: Conflict theorists argue that education perpetuates social inequalities by reinforcing class structure and dominance.
26. What is meant by ‘Social Mobility’ in Educational Sociology?
A. Movement from rural to urban schools
B. Movement of students between schools
C. Ability to change one’s social status through education
D. Physical relocation of classrooms
Answer: C. Ability to change one’s social status through education
Explanation: Social mobility refers to the upward or downward movement in social class, and education often serves as a vehicle for upward mobility.
27. Which social process is best illustrated by the school’s role in teaching discipline and cooperation?
A. Assimilation
B. Accommodation
C. Socialization
D. Conflict
Answer: C. Socialization
Explanation: Socialization is the process through which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviors appropriate to their society, often facilitated by education.
28. The hidden curriculum in schools refers to:
A. Subjects not taught in the syllabus
B. Informal learning of social norms and values
C. Tuition classes
D. Extra-curricular activities
Answer: B. Informal learning of social norms and values
Explanation: The hidden curriculum includes the unspoken lessons taught in school such as discipline, competition, obedience, and gender roles.
29. Which of the following is NOT a primary agent of socialization?
A. Family
B. Peer group
C. School
D. Government office
Answer: D. Government office
Explanation: Family, school, and peer groups are primary agents of socialization. A government office is not typically involved in early socialization.
30. The term ‘Cultural Lag’ was introduced by:
A. Karl Marx
B. Ogburn
C. Max Weber
D. Talcott Parsons
Answer: B. Ogburn
Explanation: William Fielding Ogburn coined the term ‘Cultural Lag’ to describe the time delay between changes in material culture and non-material culture, including educational practices.
31. The process by which individuals adjust to social norms is called:
A. Social Control
B. Social Mobility
C. Social Disorganization
D. Social Status
Answer: A. Social Control
Explanation: Social control involves mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior, ensuring conformity to society’s norms.
32. The idea that education reproduces class structure is central to:
A. Humanist theory
B. Functionalism
C. Conflict theory
D. Behaviorist theory
Answer: C. Conflict theory
Explanation: Conflict theorists argue that education is a tool used by dominant groups to maintain power and perpetuate class divisions.
33. The term ‘Social Stratification’ in education refers to:
A. Grouping of students based on age
B. Division based on performance
C. Hierarchical arrangement of individuals in society
D. Social exclusion from the school
Answer: C. Hierarchical arrangement of individuals in society
Explanation: Social stratification refers to structured social inequality that affects students’ access and outcomes in education.
34. Universalization of Elementary Education aims at:
A. Educating only urban children
B. Promoting higher education
C. Providing free and compulsory education to all children
D. Setting up private schools
Answer: C. Providing free and compulsory education to all children
Explanation: The goal is to ensure all children, regardless of socio-economic background, receive elementary education.
35. Illiteracy is considered a social problem because it:
A. Affects only individual growth
B. Hampers national development and social inclusion
C. Has no impact on society
D. Affects only rural areas
Answer: B. Hampers national development and social inclusion
Explanation: Illiteracy restricts people’s ability to participate fully in society, limits job opportunities, and contributes to poverty.
36. Social change brought through education is usually:
A. Sudden and disruptive
B. Gradual and constructive
C. Violent
D. Unpredictable
Answer: B. Gradual and constructive
Explanation: Education typically brings about slow, deliberate change in society by shaping attitudes and behaviors.
37. Education contributes to national integration by:
A. Promoting only regional languages
B. Encouraging religious divisions
C. Fostering shared national identity
D. Isolating tribal communities
Answer: C. Fostering shared national identity
Explanation: Education teaches common values, democratic ideals, and unity in diversity, promoting national cohesion.
38. The concept of ‘Equality of Educational Opportunity’ emphasizes:
A. Equal marks for all students
B. Uniform dress code
C. Equal access and learning conditions for all
D. Abolishing private schools
Answer: C. Equal access and learning conditions for all
Explanation: It ensures that every child, irrespective of caste, gender, or economic background, has the same opportunity to succeed in education.
39. The sociological perspective that sees education as a means of role allocation is:
A. Conflict theory
B. Functionalism
C. Symbolic interactionism
D. Feminist theory
Answer: B. Functionalism
Explanation: Functionalists believe education sorts individuals into appropriate roles based on merit and ability.
40. In the context of educational sociology, ‘Social capital’ refers to:
A. School funding
B. Human resources in society
C. Networks and relationships that aid success
D. Government investments in education
Answer: C. Networks and relationships that aid success
Explanation: Social capital is the advantage gained from social networks, trust, and mutual support that facilitate achievement and learning.
41. Which of the following is considered a secondary agent of socialization?
A. Family
B. Peer group
C. Media
D. Community
Answer: C. Media
Explanation: Media, like TV, internet, and newspapers, are considered secondary agents because they influence individuals after the primary stage of socialization (mostly carried out by family and close contacts).
42. The ‘Caste System’ in India most directly affects which sociological aspect of education?
A. Teacher training
B. Access to higher education
C. Language instruction
D. Physical education
Answer: B. Access to higher education
Explanation: The caste system leads to social inequality, which has historically limited access to educational opportunities for marginalized communities.
43. Who stated that “education is the socialization of the younger generation”?
A. John Dewey
B. Emile Durkheim
C. Karl Marx
D. Ivan Illich
Answer: B. Emile Durkheim
Explanation: Durkheim emphasized that education plays a central role in the continuation of society through the socialization of children.
44. ‘Hidden Curriculum’ tends to reinforce:
A. Official curriculum only
B. Teacher autonomy
C. Dominant social ideologies
D. Economic growth
Answer: C. Dominant social ideologies
Explanation: Hidden curriculum reinforces existing social structures by teaching conformity, obedience, and values that maintain the status quo.
45. A society where status is achieved based on individual merit is called:
A. Caste society
B. Feudal society
C. Meritocratic society
D. Egalitarian society
Answer: C. Meritocratic society
Explanation: A meritocratic society is one in which advancement in society is based on individual talent, effort, and achievement, often measured through education.
46. Which concept emphasizes the role of schools in maintaining social inequality?
A. Symbolic interactionism
B. Conflict theory
C. Constructivist theory
D. Functionalism
Answer: B. Conflict theory
Explanation: Conflict theory critiques the education system for perpetuating social hierarchies and benefitting the dominant groups.
47. Which thinker viewed school as a “miniature society”?
A. Durkheim
B. Dewey
C. Karl Marx
D. Max Weber
Answer: A. Durkheim
Explanation: Durkheim considered school as a reflection of society where children learn to follow rules, cooperate, and understand social structures.
48. Social exclusion in education can occur through all except:
A. Lack of infrastructure
B. Language barriers
C. Equal opportunity policies
D. Economic disadvantage
Answer: C. Equal opportunity policies
Explanation: Equal opportunity policies aim to reduce exclusion; the other factors typically cause it.
49. Which policy in India emphasizes inclusive education for all children including those with disabilities?
A. NEP 1968
B. NPE 1986
C. RTE Act 2009
D. Kothari Commission
Answer: C. RTE Act 2009
Explanation: The Right to Education Act 2009 mandates free and compulsory education for all children aged 6–14, including provisions for children with special needs.
50. The process of adapting to a new culture, especially in educational settings, is called:
A. Enculturation
B. Assimilation
C. Isolation
D. Indigenization
Answer: B. Assimilation
Explanation: Assimilation involves adopting the traits of another culture, often seen when minority students adapt to the dominant school culture.
51. Multicultural education emphasizes:
A. A common national identity
B. Cultural homogeneity
C. Respect for diverse cultures and identities
D. Only linguistic development
Answer: C. Respect for diverse cultures and identities
Explanation: Multicultural education promotes understanding, respect, and equity for students from diverse cultural backgrounds.
52. School’s role in creating a democratic society is emphasized by:
A. Marxist thinkers
B. John Dewey
C. B.F. Skinner
D. Piaget
Answer: B. John Dewey
Explanation: Dewey advocated for democratic education where students learn to participate actively and responsibly in democratic processes.
53. Peer group influence on educational outcomes is considered a part of:
A. Formal curriculum
B. Informal socialization
C. Technological change
D. Government policy
Answer: B. Informal socialization
Explanation: Peer groups influence students’ values, attitudes, and behaviors informally, which can significantly affect academic achievement.
54. According to Bowles and Gintis, schools serve to:
A. Liberate individual potential
B. Promote creativity
C. Reproduce capitalist values
D. Encourage critical thinking
Answer: C. Reproduce capitalist values
Explanation: Bowles and Gintis argued that education reinforces capitalist labor hierarchies and obedience through the ‘correspondence principle.’
55. The ‘Banking Model of Education’ was criticized by:
A. John Dewey
B. Paulo Freire
C. Ivan Illich
D. Durkheim
Answer: B. Paulo Freire
Explanation: Freire criticized the passive learning approach where teachers ‘deposit’ information into students, advocating for critical pedagogy instead.
56. The role of language in promoting cultural identity in schools is part of:
A. Political science
B. Educational economics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Behaviorism
Answer: C. Sociolinguistics
Explanation: Sociolinguistics explores how language use in schools affects identity, inclusion, and learning outcomes.
57. Reservation policies in Indian education are aimed at:
A. Promoting economic development
B. Enhancing political awareness
C. Ensuring educational equity for disadvantaged groups
D. Encouraging privatization
Answer: C. Ensuring educational equity for disadvantaged groups
Explanation: Reservation policies aim to correct historical injustices and provide equal educational access to SC, ST, and OBC communities.
58. Gender bias in education is an example of:
A. Economic inequality
B. Cultural lag
C. Social inequality
D. Political decentralization
Answer: C. Social inequality
Explanation: Gender bias leads to unequal educational opportunities and outcomes between males and females, reflecting broader social inequalities.
59. Which of the following is a contemporary sociological issue in Indian education?
A. Serampore Mission
B. Wood’s Despatch
C. Dropout rates among marginalized groups
D. Vedic education
Answer: C. Dropout rates among marginalized groups
Explanation: High dropout rates, especially among rural, SC/ST, and girl students, is a major current issue reflecting socio-economic challenges in education.
60. Which of the following terms best captures the relationship between education and society?
A. Competition
B. Reciprocity
C. Segregation
D. Isolation
Answer: B. Reciprocity
Explanation: Education and society influence each other mutually — society shapes educational goals and systems, and education contributes to societal development.