Q1. Naturalism in education is mainly concerned with:
a) Spiritual development
b) Living in harmony with nature
c) Industrial progress
d) Metaphysical speculation
Answer: b) Living in harmony with nature
Explanation: Naturalism emphasizes education according to natural laws and environment.
Q2. Who is considered the father of modern Naturalism in education?
a) John Locke
b) Rousseau
c) Pestalozzi
d) Dewey
Answer: b) Rousseau
Explanation: Rousseau’s Émile is the most influential naturalist work in education.
Q3. Naturalists believe the child is:
a) A miniature adult
b) Born sinful
c) Born innocent with natural goodness
d) A passive receiver of knowledge
Answer: c) Born innocent with natural goodness
Explanation: Rousseau declared “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.”
Q4. The aim of education in Naturalism is:
a) Preparation for spiritual life
b) Self-realization and eternal truth
c) Adjustment with natural environment
d) Production of efficient workers
Answer: c) Adjustment with natural environment
Explanation: Education should help the child live naturally and harmoniously.
Q5. The maxim “Follow the child” is associated with:
a) Idealism
b) Naturalism
c) Realism
d) Pragmatism
Answer: b) Naturalism
Explanation: Naturalists stress that education should be child-centered.
Q6. Which of the following is NOT a feature of Naturalism?
a) Emphasis on nature
b) Denial of supernaturalism
c) Faith in scientific method
d) Emphasis on eternal absolute values
Answer: d) Emphasis on eternal absolute values
Explanation: Naturalism denies absolutes; values are relative and evolving.
Q7. In Naturalism, discipline is:
a) External punishment
b) Self-discipline through natural consequences
c) Religious discipline
d) Military discipline
Answer: b) Self-discipline through natural consequences
Explanation: Children learn from the consequences of their actions.
Q8. According to Rousseau, childhood is:
a) A stage of sin
b) A stage of ignorance
c) A stage of natural innocence
d) A preparation for adulthood only
Answer: c) A stage of natural innocence
Explanation: He believed childhood has its own value and must be respected.
Q9. The role of the teacher in Naturalism is mainly:
a) An authoritarian
b) A transmitter of knowledge
c) A guide and observer
d) A moral preacher
Answer: c) A guide and observer
Explanation: Teacher is a facilitator who allows freedom for natural growth.
Q10. The curriculum in Naturalism is based on:
a) Religious scriptures
b) Eternal values
c) Child’s needs, nature, and experiences
d) Industrial efficiency
Answer: c) Child’s needs, nature, and experiences
Explanation: Curriculum should grow out of the child’s natural interests.
Q11. Naturalism believes in which method of teaching?
a) Lecture method
b) Rote learning
c) Learning by doing and direct experience
d) Storytelling
Answer: c) Learning by doing and direct experience
Explanation: Practical and sensory experiences are most important.
Q12. Who wrote Émile, or On Education?
a) Pestalozzi
b) Rousseau
c) Locke
d) Herbart
Answer: b) Rousseau
Explanation: Rousseau’s Émile (1762) is the foundation of Naturalistic education.
Q13. Which form of Naturalism emphasizes biological instincts and survival?
a) Scientific Naturalism
b) Biological Naturalism
c) Physical Naturalism
d) Humanistic Naturalism
Answer: b) Biological Naturalism
Explanation: It stresses instincts, adaptation, and Darwin’s survival theories.
Q14. Which form of Naturalism stresses empirical knowledge through science?
a) Scientific Naturalism
b) Religious Naturalism
c) Ideal Naturalism
d) Romantic Naturalism
Answer: a) Scientific Naturalism
Explanation: Scientific Naturalism uses experiment and observation as basis of knowledge.
Q15. Naturalists believe values are:
a) Eternal and universal
b) Relative and situational
c) Independent of human life
d) Spiritual revelations
Answer: b) Relative and situational
Explanation: Unlike Idealists, Naturalists do not believe in absolute values.
Q16. Rousseau’s famous quotation:
a) “Education is the manifestation of perfection.”
b) “Education is life itself.”
c) “Education is the child’s natural development.”
d) “Man is a political animal.”
Answer: c) “Education is the child’s natural development.”
Explanation: Rousseau emphasized natural growth and freedom.
Q17. According to Naturalism, knowledge is derived from:
a) Divine revelation
b) Abstract reasoning
c) Sense experience and contact with environment
d) Social institutions
Answer: c) Sense experience and contact with environment
Explanation: Naturalism is empirical, stressing sensory learning.
Q18. Naturalists regard punishment as:
a) Necessary and strict
b) Unnecessary and harmful
c) Natural consequence of wrong action
d) A teacher’s duty
Answer: c) Natural consequence of wrong action
Explanation: Discipline comes through consequences, not external punishment.
Q19. Which educational practice today is most influenced by Naturalism?
a) Activity-based learning
b) Strict rote learning
c) Religious instruction
d) Corporal punishment
Answer: a) Activity-based learning
Explanation: Naturalism’s emphasis on doing is reflected in modern pedagogy.
Q20. Naturalism rejects:
a) Freedom of child
b) Spiritual and supernatural authority
c) Activity method
d) Scientific method
Answer: b) Spiritual and supernatural authority
Explanation: Naturalism is secular and materialistic in outlook.
Q21. Which of the following thinkers was most influenced by Rousseau’s Naturalism?
a) Froebel
b) Tagore
c) Pestalozzi
d) Gandhi
Answer: c) Pestalozzi
Explanation: Pestalozzi carried Rousseau’s naturalistic ideas into practice.
Q22. The “negative education” proposed by Rousseau means:
a) No education at all
b) Avoiding interference and letting natural growth happen
c) Punishing children
d) Religious instruction
Answer: b) Avoiding interference and letting natural growth happen
Explanation: Negative education means protecting the child from corrupt influences.
Q23. According to Naturalism, which aspect of development is most important?
a) Physical and sensory development
b) Spiritual development
c) Moral development
d) Cultural development
Answer: a) Physical and sensory development
Explanation: Naturalists emphasize body and senses as basis of growth.
Q24. Naturalists consider society as:
a) Supreme over individual
b) Product of man’s needs and instincts
c) A divine creation
d) A spiritual union
Answer: b) Product of man’s needs and instincts
Explanation: Society is natural, arising out of instincts of survival.
Q25. The maxim “Education should be according to the nature of the child” belongs to:
a) Idealism
b) Naturalism
c) Realism
d) Pragmatism
Answer: b) Naturalism
Explanation: The child’s natural tendencies guide education.
Q26. Naturalism has been criticized because:
a) It emphasizes too much on spiritual values
b) It neglects moral and spiritual aspects of life
c) It ignores science
d) It stresses rigid discipline
Answer: b) It neglects moral and spiritual aspects of life
Explanation: Critics argue it is materialistic and denies higher ideals.
Q27. Rousseau’s ideas directly inspired which modern movement?
a) Pragmatism
b) Progressivism in education
c) Essentialism
d) Perennialism
Answer: b) Progressivism in education
Explanation: Progressive education’s child-centered approach was influenced by Rousseau.
Q28. Naturalists advocate maximum:
a) Teacher control
b) Freedom of the child
c) Rigid curriculum
d) Religious instruction
Answer: b) Freedom of the child
Explanation: Education should allow children to grow naturally without external pressure.
Q29. Which is NOT consistent with Naturalism?
a) Learning by doing
b) Sensory training
c) Spiritual salvation
d) Child-centered curriculum
Answer: c) Spiritual salvation
Explanation: Naturalists deny metaphysical or spiritual emphasis.
Q30. According to Naturalism, the aim of discipline is:
a) To control children strictly
b) To ensure obedience to teacher
c) To develop responsibility through natural consequences
d) To enforce moral preaching
Answer: c) To develop responsibility through natural consequences
Explanation: Children learn self-control by facing natural results of their actions.
Q31. Naturalists regard the teacher as:
a) A strict disciplinarian
b) A guide and gardener
c) A preacher of morals
d) A transmitter of eternal truths
Answer: b) A guide and gardener
Explanation: Teacher provides environment for natural growth, like a gardener.
Q32. In the Naturalist philosophy, education is:
a) Preparation for afterlife
b) A means of spiritual realization
c) Development of the child’s natural powers
d) Preservation of traditions
Answer: c) Development of the child’s natural powers
Explanation: Education brings out natural tendencies and instincts.
Q33. Which Indian thinker’s educational philosophy shows elements of Naturalism?
a) Tagore
b) Gandhi
c) Vivekananda
d) Aurobindo
Answer: a) Tagore
Explanation: Tagore emphasized nature-centered education at Shantiniketan.
Q34. Naturalism views the child as:
a) A spiritual being
b) A natural organism
c) A miniature adult
d) A sinful soul
Answer: b) A natural organism
Explanation: Child is seen as part of nature, growing like a plant.
Q35. The major limitation of Naturalism is:
a) It denies natural instincts
b) It gives too much importance to supernatural
c) It neglects cultural, moral, and spiritual development
d) It ignores physical growth
Answer: c) It neglects cultural, moral, and spiritual development
Explanation: While strong in child-centeredness, it is weak in value-orientation.
Q36. Naturalism as a philosophy of education emphasizes:
a) Development of spiritual values
b) Conformity to social norms
c) Living according to nature and natural laws
d) Industrial efficiency
Answer: c) Living according to nature and natural laws
Explanation: Naturalism believes that education should follow the natural growth and instincts of the child.
Q37. Who is considered the father of modern naturalism in education?
a) Rousseau
b) Pestalozzi
c) Dewey
d) Locke
Answer: a) Rousseau
Explanation: Rousseau’s Émile laid the foundation of modern naturalism in education.
Q38. Rousseau’s famous statement related to education is:
a) “Education is the manifestation of perfection.”
b) “Education is the child’s development according to nature.”
c) “Education is life itself.”
d) “Man is a political animal.”
Answer: b) “Education is the child’s development according to nature.”
Explanation: Rousseau emphasized natural growth and child-centered education.
Q39. According to Naturalism, the aim of education is:
a) Preparation for afterlife
b) Realization of eternal truths
c) Self-expression and adjustment with nature
d) Economic progress
Answer: c) Self-expression and adjustment with nature
Explanation: Naturalism aims at preparing the child to live freely and harmoniously with nature.
Q40. Which type of discipline is preferred in Naturalism?
a) Strict authoritarian discipline
b) Punitive discipline
c) Self-discipline through natural consequences
d) Discipline through spiritual guidance
Answer: c) Self-discipline through natural consequences
Explanation: Naturalists believe punishment comes naturally through consequences, not through external control.
Q41. Naturalism in education gives highest importance to:
a) Teacher-centered education
b) Curriculum based on fixed knowledge
c) Child-centered education
d) Religious education
Answer: c) Child-centered education
Explanation: Naturalists stress that the child’s interests and needs should guide education.
Q42. Rousseau’s book Émile deals mainly with:
a) Scientific education
b) Religious education
c) Naturalistic education of the child
d) Social education
Answer: c) Naturalistic education of the child
Explanation: In Émile, Rousseau described how a child should be educated naturally, free from artificial restrictions.
Q43. Naturalism considers the teacher as:
a) A strict authority
b) A guide and observer of natural development
c) A transmitter of cultural heritage
d) A moral preacher
Answer: b) A guide and observer of natural development
Explanation: The teacher in Naturalism plays the role of a facilitator, not a dictator.
Q44. In Naturalism, curriculum should be:
a) Fixed and uniform
b) Based on nature, needs, and experiences of the child
c) Focused on spiritual knowledge
d) Based on classical literature
Answer: b) Based on nature, needs, and experiences of the child
Explanation: Curriculum should help in natural development of the child.
Q45. Which of the following educational thinkers is associated with Naturalism?
a) John Dewey
b) Froebel
c) Rousseau
d) Kant
Answer: c) Rousseau
Explanation: Rousseau is the leading figure of educational Naturalism.
Q46. Naturalism denies:
a) Free growth of the child
b) Supernatural and spiritual elements in education
c) Learning by doing
d) Role of environment
Answer: b) Supernatural and spiritual elements in education
Explanation: Naturalists reject metaphysical or spiritual aspects, focusing on the physical and natural.
Q47. According to Naturalism, the best method of teaching is:
a) Lecture method
b) Rote memorization
c) Learning by doing and direct experience
d) Authoritarian instruction
Answer: c) Learning by doing and direct experience
Explanation: Naturalism values practical experiences and activity-based learning.
Q48. Naturalism has been criticized because:
a) It stresses too much on discipline
b) It neglects moral and spiritual values
c) It ignores child’s natural instincts
d) It rejects scientific methods
Answer: b) It neglects moral and spiritual values
Explanation: Critics say Naturalism emphasizes physical and instinctive development but ignores higher values.
Q49. According to Rousseau, childhood is:
a) A period of sin
b) A stage of ignorance
c) A stage of natural innocence
d) Preparation for adulthood only
Answer: c) A stage of natural innocence
Explanation: Rousseau believed children are born innocent, society corrupts them.
Q50. Which type of Naturalism emphasizes the role of science and experimentation?
a) Physical Naturalism
b) Biological Naturalism
c) Scientific Naturalism
d) Ideal Naturalism
Answer: c) Scientific Naturalism
Explanation: Scientific Naturalism stresses empirical methods and experiments in learning.
Q51. Naturalists believe that values are:
a) Eternal and universal
b) Relative and changing with time
c) Divine revelations
d) Independent of human experience
Answer: b) Relative and changing with time
Explanation: Unlike Idealists, Naturalists argue values are not absolute but relative.
Q52. Which of the following practices in today’s education is most influenced by Naturalism?
a) Religious instruction in schools
b) Child-centered pedagogy
c) Rote learning
d) Uniform rigid curriculum
Answer: b) Child-centered pedagogy
Explanation: Modern activity-based and child-centric methods are influenced by Naturalism.
Q53. Naturalism in education primarily focuses on:
a) Soul and salvation
b) Physical and sensory training
c) Eternal truth and ideas
d) Strict authority of teacher
Answer: b) Physical and sensory training
Explanation: Naturalism emphasizes learning through senses and bodily experience.
Q54. Which educational maxim best suits Naturalism?
a) “Follow the child”
b) “Impose strict discipline”
c) “Knowledge is virtue”
d) “Man is a spiritual being”
Answer: a) “Follow the child”
Explanation: Naturalists stress that education should follow the child’s nature.
Q55. Rousseau’s naturalism most strongly influenced:
a) Pragmatism
b) Progressivism and child-centered education
c) Idealism
d) Essentialism
Answer: b) Progressivism and child-centered education
Explanation: Rousseau’s ideas were foundations for modern progressive education.