Gyan Darshan
Introduction: Gyan Darshan is an educational television channel in India that aims to provide educational content to viewers across the country. Launched in 2000, Gyan Darshan is part of the Indian government’s efforts to promote distance education and reach a broader audience through the medium of television. This note provides an overview of Gyan Darshan, […]
Endnotes
Introduction: Endnotes are a form of citation and reference used in academic writing to provide additional information, explanations, or citations at the end of a chapter or the entire document. Unlike footnotes, which appear at the bottom of the same page where they are referenced, endnotes are collected at the end of the chapter or […]
Footnotes
Introduction: Footnotes are a widely used form of citation and reference in academic writing. They are explanatory notes or citations placed at the bottom of a page, separated from the main text by a horizontal line. Footnotes provide additional information, explanations, or citations for specific points made in the main text. This note explores the […]
DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Introduction: A DOI, or Digital Object Identifier, is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to a digital object, such as a scholarly article, book, dataset, video, or any other online resource. The primary purpose of a DOI is to provide a permanent and standardized way to identify and access digital content on the internet. DOIs facilitate […]
ISSN (International Standard Serial Number)
Introduction: ISSN, or the International Standard Serial Number, is a unique identifier assigned to serial publications such as journals, magazines, newspapers, and other ongoing publications. The ISSN system facilitates the efficient management, retrieval, and identification of serials in libraries, databases, and information systems. This note provides an overview of ISSN, its purpose, structure, significance, and […]
ISBN (International Standard Book Number)
Introduction: ISBN, or the International Standard Book Number, is a unique identifier assigned to books and other monographic publications to facilitate efficient cataloging, distribution, and retrieval of books in libraries, bookstores, and other information systems. Each ISBN consists of a series of digits that provide essential information about the book’s edition, publisher, and title. This […]
DIKSHA
Introduction: DIKSHA is a national digital infrastructure for teachers, students, and parents in India, aimed at enhancing the quality of education through the integration of technology into the teaching and learning process. It is an initiative by the Government of India’s Ministry of Education (formerly known as the Ministry of Human Resource Development) to provide […]
Vidwan
Introduction: Vidwan is an online database of experts in various fields maintained by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of the Government of India. The platform serves as a comprehensive directory of researchers, scientists, and experts across different domains, providing information about their qualifications, research areas, publications, and affiliations. This note provides an overview […]
Shodh Ganga
Introduction: Shodh Ganga is a digital repository platform developed by the Government of India’s Ministry of Education (formerly the Ministry of Human Resource Development) that provides access to electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) submitted by research scholars in Indian universities. It serves as a comprehensive online resource for researchers, students, and academicians, offering a vast […]
ePG Pathshala
Introduction: ePG Pathshala is an initiative by the Government of India’s Ministry of Education (formerly known as the Ministry of Human Resource Development) to provide high-quality e-content for postgraduate courses across various disciplines. It aims to enhance the learning experience of students and educators by offering a wide range of digital resources, including video lectures, […]
eGyankosh
Introduction: eGyankosh is an online digital repository and learning platform developed by the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) in India. It serves as a virtual learning environment that provides access to a wide range of educational resources, course materials, and study materials to students and learners associated with IGNOU. This note provides an overview […]
G7 (Group of Seven)
Introduction: The Group of Seven, often referred to as the G7, is an international economic forum consisting of seven major advanced economies. The G7 serves as a platform for discussions on global economic and financial issues, as well as broader political and security matters. The group comprises some of the world’s largest and most developed […]
Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE)
Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) refers to a comprehensive approach to the care, education, and holistic development of young children from birth to around eight years of age. ECCE recognizes the importance of the early years in a child’s life as a critical period for cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development. This note provides […]
G20 (Group of Twenty)
Introduction: The G20, or Group of Twenty, is an international forum that brings together the world’s major economies to discuss and address global economic and financial issues. Comprising 19 individual countries and the European Union, the G20 was established in response to the financial crises of the late 1990s as a platform for high-level discussions […]
E-Waste Management
Introduction: E-waste, or electronic waste, refers to discarded electronic and electrical equipment that has reached the end of its useful life. E-waste includes a wide range of items, from smartphones and computers to household appliances and electronic toys. E-waste management is crucial due to the environmental and health hazards posed by improper disposal of electronic […]
Waste Management
Introduction: Waste management is a crucial aspect of modern society that involves the collection, transportation, disposal, recycling, and treatment of waste materials generated by human activities. Proper waste management is essential to minimize environmental pollution, public health risks, and the depletion of natural resources. This note provides an overview of waste management, its importance, methods, […]
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Introduction: The International Organization for Standardization, commonly known as ISO, is an independent international organization that develops and publishes standards to ensure quality, safety, and efficiency in various products, services, and systems. ISO standards provide a common framework that enables organizations and industries to operate effectively and consistently, promoting global interoperability and best practices. This […]
Quality Council of India (QCI)
Introduction: The Quality Council of India (QCI) is a premier organization in India that aims to promote and monitor quality standards across various sectors. It was established in 1997 as an autonomous body under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry. QCI works towards enhancing the quality […]
National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)
Introduction: The National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) is a pioneering initiative in India that aims to provide high-quality online educational resources and courses in the field of engineering, science, technology, and related disciplines. NPTEL was conceived to enhance the quality of technical education and provide easy access to learning resources for students, educators, […]
Four Pillar of Education
Introduction: The “Four Pillars of Education” is a conceptual framework that was developed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a guiding principle for educational policies and practices. These pillars encompass the fundamental aspects that contribute to a holistic and well-rounded education. The concept was proposed in the Delors Report titled […]
National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT)
Introduction: The National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT) is a pioneering initiative undertaken by the Government of India to leverage technology for transforming the education sector. NMEICT aims to enhance the quality of education, provide equitable access to knowledge, and bridge the digital divide by integrating information and communication technology (ICT) […]
Public Accounts Committee (PAC)
Introduction: The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is a significant parliamentary committee in India that plays a crucial role in overseeing the financial aspects of the government. Formed under the provisions of the Constitution of India, the PAC scrutinizes the utilization of public funds, ensures transparency, and holds the government accountable for its financial actions. This […]
National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)
Introduction: The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) is a quasi-judicial body established under the Companies Act, 2013, in India. It plays a crucial role in matters related to corporate law, insolvency, and company disputes. The establishment of the NCLT was a significant step towards streamlining corporate litigation and insolvency proceedings, ensuring a more efficient and […]
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)
The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) is a prominent Hindu nationalist organization in India that focuses on the promotion of cultural, social, and nationalist values. Founded in 1925 by Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, the RSS has played a significant role in shaping India’s socio-political landscape. This note provides an overview of the RSS, its ideology, organizational structure, […]
National Service Scheme (NSS)
Introduction: The National Service Scheme (NSS) is a youth-oriented community service program aimed at fostering social responsibility, empathy, and active citizenship among young individuals. Established in India, NSS has become a powerful tool for engaging youth in various social and developmental activities. This note provides an overview of NSS, its objectives, structure, activities, and significance. […]
National Cadet Corps (NCC)
Introduction: The National Cadet Corps (NCC) is a youth organization that plays a pivotal role in grooming young individuals into responsible and disciplined citizens. Established in India, the NCC has been instrumental in inculcating values of patriotism, leadership, and social service among the youth. This note delves into the origins, objectives, structure, activities, and significance […]
POSH Act 2013
Introduction: The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013, commonly known as the POSH Act 2013, is a significant piece of legislation in India that addresses and aims to prevent sexual harassment of women at workplaces. The act was enacted to create a safe and harassment-free working environment for women […]
Feynman Techniques
Introduction: The Feynman Technique, named after physicist Richard Feynman, is a powerful method for learning and understanding complex concepts deeply. This technique involves breaking down complex ideas into simple explanations, enabling better comprehension and retention. It’s a valuable tool not only in scientific and academic contexts but also in various areas of learning and problem-solving. […]
Cattel Theory of Intelligence
Introduction: Raymond Cattell, a prominent psychologist in the 20th century, developed a comprehensive theory of intelligence known as the “Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence Theory.” Cattell’s theory introduces the distinction between two types of intelligence: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence, each of which plays a unique role in cognitive functioning and development. Fluid Intelligence: Fluid intelligence […]
Thurston’s Theory of Intelligence
Introduction: L.L. Thurstone, a prominent psychologist in the early 20th century, developed the Theory of Primary Mental Abilities as an alternative to the popular Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence proposed by Charles Spearman. Thurstone’s theory challenges the idea of a single general factor of intelligence (“g”) and instead suggests that intelligence is composed of several distinct […]
Extrovert Personality
Introduction: Extraversion, often referred to as extroversion, is a fundamental personality trait characterized by a preference for social interaction, external stimuli, and a need for external validation. Extroverts tend to thrive in social settings, feel energized by interactions with others, and are more outgoing and expressive in their behavior. This personality trait is one of […]
Introvert Personality
Introduction: Introversion is a personality trait characterized by a preference for solitude, quiet environments, and inner mental experiences. Introverts tend to feel more comfortable and energized when spending time alone or in smaller groups, and they often engage in deep self-reflection and introspection. Introversion is one of the key dimensions of personality, along with extraversion, […]
Gujarat Resilience Assistance Programme(GRAP)
Introduction: “Gujarat Resilience Assistance Programme” (GRAP) is a comprehensive initiative launched by the Government of Gujarat, India, to provide financial and social support to vulnerable populations during times of crisis, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. GRAP aims to ensure the well-being of the economically weaker sections of society by offering financial assistance, […]
Anjali Mudras
Introduction: The Anjali Mudra, commonly known as the “Namaste” gesture, is a revered hand gesture with cultural, spiritual, and social significance, particularly in Hinduism and other South Asian traditions. This simple yet profound gesture involves bringing the palms together in front of the heart center, often accompanied by a slight bow of the head. The […]
Hasta Mundra
Introduction: Hasta mudras, also known as hand gestures or symbolic gestures, are intricate hand positions that have deep symbolic and spiritual significance in various cultural and religious traditions, particularly in Indian classical dance, yoga, and Hinduism. These gestures are performed using specific hand and finger configurations and are believed to facilitate the flow of energy, […]
Velocity
Introduction: Velocity, in physics, is a fundamental concept that describes the rate of change of an object’s position with respect to time. It is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction, and it plays a crucial role in understanding the motion of objects. Velocity is a fundamental concept in physics, especially in […]
Availability Bias
Introduction: Availability bias is a cognitive bias that occurs when people rely on information that is readily available to them or easily recalled from their memory when making judgments or decisions. This bias can lead to inaccurate assessments because information that is more easily accessible is not necessarily the most accurate or representative of the […]
Hindsight Bias
Introduction: Hindsight bias, also known as the “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon, is a cognitive bias that leads individuals to perceive events as having been more predictable after they have already occurred than they were before they happened. Essentially, people tend to believe falsely that they would have predicted the outcome of an event, even though they might […]
Self-Serving Bias
Introduction: The self-serving bias is a cognitive bias that involves individuals attributing positive events and outcomes to their own internal characteristics, abilities, or efforts, while attributing negative events to external factors beyond their control. In essence, people tend to take credit for success but distance themselves from failure. This bias plays a significant role in […]
Survivorship Bias
Introduction: Survivorship bias is a cognitive bias that occurs when people focus on the successes or survivors of a particular process, while overlooking or ignoring the failures or non-survivors. This bias can lead to distorted conclusions and misjudgments due to the selective data that is considered. Survivorship bias is commonly observed in various fields, such […]
The Paradox of Choice
Introduction: The Paradox of Choice, a concept popularized by psychologist Barry Schwartz in his book “The Paradox of Choice: Why More is Less,” refers to the idea that while having numerous options and choices can seem appealing, it can also lead to feelings of anxiety, indecision, and dissatisfaction. The paradox arises from the notion that […]
Zeignarik Effect
Introduction: The Zeigarnik effect is a psychological phenomenon that describes the tendency for people to remember incomplete or interrupted tasks better than completed tasks. This effect suggests that uncompleted tasks create a state of cognitive tension, leading individuals to have improved memory and focus on those tasks until they are completed. The Zeigarnik effect has […]
Baader-Meinhoff Phenomenon
Introduction: The Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon, also known as the frequency illusion or recency illusion, refers to the psychological phenomenon in which a person begins to notice a particular thing, concept, or piece of information shortly after learning about it for the first time. It gives the impression that the thing has suddenly appeared everywhere, even though […]
Confirmation Bias
Introduction: Confirmation bias is a cognitive bias in which individuals tend to seek, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms their preexisting beliefs or expectations. This bias can lead people to selectively focus on evidence that supports their views while ignoring or dismissing information that contradicts them. Confirmation bias can have significant implications […]
Contrast Effects
Introduction: Contrast effects are cognitive biases that influence the way people perceive and evaluate something based on the context in which it is presented or compared. These effects occur when the perception of an item, trait, or experience is altered by the presence of a related or contrasting item. Contrast effects can affect various aspects […]
Placebo Effect
Introduction: The placebo effect is a fascinating phenomenon in which a person experiences a perceived improvement in their condition or symptoms after receiving a treatment that has no therapeutic effect, simply because they believe the treatment is effective. This effect highlights the powerful influence of psychological and cognitive factors on the body’s physiological responses. The […]
Horn Effect
Introduction: The horn effect is a cognitive bias that leads individuals to form an overall negative impression of someone or something based on a single negative trait, characteristic, or mistake. This bias occurs when a negative perception of one aspect influences the way people perceive other unrelated qualities. The horn effect can lead to unfair […]
Halo Effect
Introduction: The halo effect is a cognitive bias that influences the way people perceive others based on a single prominent trait, characteristic, or overall impression. This bias occurs when a positive perception of one attribute of a person, product, or brand leads individuals to assume positive qualities across the board, even if there is no […]
Anchoring Effect
Introduction: The anchoring effect is a cognitive bias that influences decision-making by relying heavily on the first piece of information encountered, which serves as an “anchor” for subsequent judgments or estimations. This bias leads individuals to make assessments and choices based on the initial reference point, even if that reference point is irrelevant or arbitrary. […]
Spotlight Effect
Introduction: The spotlight effect is a cognitive bias that refers to the tendency of individuals to overestimate the degree to which others notice and pay attention to their appearance, behavior, or mistakes. This bias leads people to believe that they are the center of attention, as if a spotlight were focused on them, even when […]