Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
Definition: Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a group of rare genetic connective tissue disorders characterized by a defect in the synthesis and structure of collagen, which is a key component of the body’s connective tissues. Connective tissues provide support and elasticity to various structures, including the skin, joints, blood vessels, and organs. The faulty collagen production […]
Reye’s Syndrome
Definition: Reye’s syndrome is a rare but severe condition that primarily affects children and teenagers, characterized by acute encephalopathy (brain inflammation) and severe liver dysfunction. It is a medical emergency and requires immediate attention and management. Reye’s syndrome can have a rapid and potentially life-threatening progression, making early diagnosis and intervention crucial. Causes: The exact […]
Cushing’s Syndrome
Definition: Cushing’s syndrome is a rare endocrine disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It can result from excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal glands (endogenous Cushing’s syndrome) or from prolonged use of corticosteroid medications (exogenous Cushing’s syndrome). The condition can lead to a […]
Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)
Definition: Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom Disease, is a neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable sensations in the legs, leading to an irresistible urge to move them. The sensations typically occur when the affected person is at rest or trying to sleep, and they often improve with movement. RLS can significantly disrupt sleep […]
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Definition: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects the large intestine (colon). It is characterized by a group of chronic symptoms related to bowel habits and abdominal discomfort, without any evidence of structural or organic abnormalities in the digestive tract. IBS is a chronic condition that can fluctuate in severity […]
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)
Definition: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), is a complex and debilitating chronic illness that affects multiple body systems. It is characterized by profound and persistent fatigue, which is not relieved by rest and is often accompanied by various other symptoms, such as cognitive impairments, muscle pain, and flu-like symptoms. CFS/ME […]
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Definition: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by a combination of hormonal imbalances, irregular menstrual cycles, and the presence of multiple small cysts on the ovaries. PCOS can lead to a range of symptoms and complications, including difficulties with fertility, excessive hair growth, […]
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Definition: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a severe and permanent birth defect that occurs when a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, leading to detrimental effects on the developing fetus. FAS is the most severe end of a spectrum of conditions known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), which encompass a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral […]
Asperger Syndrome
Definition: Asperger syndrome was a previously recognized neurodevelopmental disorder that is now considered part of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). It was first described by Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger in the 1940s. Asperger syndrome was characterized by difficulties in social interaction, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. The term “Asperger’s” is no longer used in official diagnostic […]
Tourette Syndrome
Definition: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by involuntary and repetitive motor and vocal tics. Tics are sudden, brief, and repetitive movements or vocalizations that occur repeatedly and with no purpose. TS is often diagnosed during childhood, and its severity can vary widely among affected individuals. Symptoms and Clinical Features: The hallmark symptoms […]
Noonan Syndrome
Definition: Noonan syndrome is a relatively common genetic disorder that affects multiple body systems. It is named after Dr. Jacqueline Noonan, who first described the condition in 1963. Noonan syndrome is characterized by various physical features, developmental delays, and potential cardiac issues. It is caused by mutations in several genes, including PTPN11, SOS1, KRAS, RAF1, […]
Apert Syndrome
Definition: Apert syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormal growth of the skull and facial bones, leading to distinct craniofacial features. It is a type of craniosynostosis, a condition in which the sutures (fibrous joints) between the bones of the skull fuse prematurely, affecting the normal growth of the head and face. Apert […]
Cri du Chat Syndrome (5p-)
Definition: Cri du Chat syndrome, also known as 5p- syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder caused by the deletion of a portion of the short arm of chromosome 5. The name “Cri du Chat” comes from the characteristic high-pitched cry of affected infants, which sounds like the cry of a cat. The condition is typically […]
Rett Syndrome
Definition: Rett syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily affects females, occurring in approximately 1 in 10,000 to 15,000 live births. It is characterized by a loss of purposeful hand skills, severe cognitive and communication impairments, motor abnormalities, and the development of repetitive hand movements, such as hand-wringing or clapping. Rett syndrome is typically […]
Angelman Syndrome
Definition: Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects the nervous system, leading to developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, and distinctive behavioral characteristics. The condition is typically caused by a lack of functional copies of the UBE3A gene inherited from the mother, which is located on chromosome 15. Symptoms and Clinical Features: Angelman […]
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Definition: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by the loss of function of specific genes on the paternal chromosome 15. It affects multiple body systems and leads to a wide range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral challenges. PWS is characterized by severe hypotonia (low muscle tone) in infancy and early childhood, followed […]
DiGeorge Syndrome (22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome)
Definition: DiGeorge syndrome, also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), is a genetic disorder caused by a small missing piece (deletion) of chromosome 22. This condition is characterized by a wide range of physical, developmental, and immune system abnormalities. The severity of symptoms can vary widely among affected individuals. Symptoms and Clinical Features: DiGeorge syndrome […]
Marfan Syndrome
Definition: Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the body’s connective tissue, resulting in various systemic manifestations. It is caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene, responsible for encoding fibrillin-1, a crucial protein in the formation of connective tissues. The disorder can affect multiple organ systems, including the skeletal, cardiovascular, ocular, and pulmonary systems. […]
Fragile X syndrome
Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder that is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. It is caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene located on the X chromosome. Fragile X syndrome affects both males and females, but its impact is generally more severe in males due to […]
Klinefelter syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome, also known as XXY syndrome, is a genetic disorder that affects males and is caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome. Typically, males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY), but in individuals with Klinefelter syndrome, there is an additional X chromosome, resulting in a total of 47 chromosomes. The […]
Down syndrome
Down syndrome, also known as Trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. Typically, humans have 46 chromosomes, with 23 inherited from each parent. In individuals with Down syndrome, there is an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21, resulting in a total of 47 […]
Turner syndrome
Turner syndrome, also known as Monosomy X, is a genetic disorder that affects females and results from the complete or partial absence of one of the X chromosomes. Typically, females have two X chromosomes (XX), but in individuals with Turner syndrome, one of the X chromosomes is missing or incomplete. This condition occurs randomly and […]
Metal Exposer and its Impact on Human Health
Toxic metals are elements that can be harmful to human health when present in high concentrations. Prolonged exposure to these metals can lead to various health issues. Here is a list of some common toxic metals: Lead(pb): Lead, a toxic metal, affects various parts of the human body upon ingestion or inhalation. It accumulates in […]
100 Useful Educational Idioms
Meaning: To study intensively or with great effort. Example: The final exams are approaching, so I need to hit the books and prepare well. 2. ‘Learn the ropes’ Meaning: To become familiar with the basics or essentials of a new job or activity. Example: After joining the new company, it took me a few weeks […]
“Creating a Personalized Wellness Plan: Steps to Prioritizing Your Health and Well-Being”
What is health and wellness: Health and wellness are terms that are often used interchangeably, but they have slightly different meanings. Health refers to the overall state of an individual’s physical, mental, and social well-being. It encompasses the absence of disease, injury, and disability, as well as the ability to function at an optimal level […]
Climate Change Awareness
What is Climate Change Awareness? Climate Change Awareness refers to the understanding and recognition of the ongoing changes in the Earth’s climate system and the associated impacts on human societies and natural ecosystems. It involves the awareness of the causes and consequences of climate change, including the role of human activities in driving it, and […]
Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution
The Fundamental Rights are the basic human rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India. They are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution, from Articles 12 to 35. These rights are enforceable by the courts, and any violation of these rights can be challenged in the Supreme Court. There are six Fundamental Rights in India: […]
The scale of measurement in research
What is a scale of measurement? The scale of measurement, also known as the level of measurement, refers to a system or framework that describes the mathematical properties and characteristics of data. It is a way of categorizing data according to the nature of the information being collected, and it determines the type of statistical […]
The impact of social media on body image and mental health
Definition of social media Social media refers to digital technologies and platforms that facilitate communication, collaboration, and the sharing of information, content, and ideas among individuals and groups. Social media platforms enable users to create, publish, and share user-generated content such as text, images, videos, and audio recordings, and to interact with others through comments, […]
The role of nutrition in preventing chronic diseases.
What are chronic diseases? Chronic diseases are conditions that persist over an extended period and usually progress slowly. They are generally characterized by complex underlying causes, long-term effects, and ongoing medical management needs. Some common examples of chronic diseases include heart disease, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, and chronic respiratory diseases. Chronic diseases can significantly impact a […]
Shortcut Key for Windows and Mac OS
What is a shortcut key? A shortcut key is a combination of one or more keys that when pressed simultaneously or in sequence, performs a specific function or task in a software application or operating system. Shortcut keys are designed to provide quick access to common tasks and functions, without the need to navigate through […]
“Ignited Minds” by APJ Abdul Kalam Book Summary
The book “Ignited Minds” by APJ Abdul Kalam has 11 chapters. The chapters are: 2. Give Us a Role Model 3. Visionary Teachers and Scientists 4. Learning from Saints and Seers 5. Patriotism Beyond Politics and Religion 6. The Knowledge Society 7. Getting the Forces Together 8. Building a New State 9. To My Countrymen […]
“Thinking, Fast and Slow” by Daniel Kahneman Book Summary
Introduction In the introduction, Kahneman introduces the two systems of thinking that he will discuss throughout the book: System 1 and System 2. System 1 is fast, intuitive, and emotional. It is the system that we use for most of our everyday thinking. System 2 is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. It is the […]
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING TEST PAPER
a. Personality. b. Trait. c. Interest. d. Attitude. 2. Arithmetic problems, spelling of words, reading comprehension, word meaning and language usage are the types of items in ______________ aptitude test? a. English. b. Mathematics. c. Clerical. d. Linguistic. 3. Divergent thinking is otherwise called a. Intelligence. b. Creativity. c. Remembrance. d. Memory. 4. Those employed […]
E-LEARNING QUIZ
a. Boring and Serious. b. Fun and Enjoyable. c. Experiential and Exploratory. d. Informative and Knowledgeable. 2. How do rote and critical thinking differ? a. Rote thinking is the usual kind of thinking humans do daily and critical thinking means to judge others’ ideas. b. Rote thinking requires memorizing while critical requires difficult processing like […]
BUSINESS STATISTICS TEST PAPER MCQ
a. Age. b. Height. c. Weight. d. Gender. 2. Which of the following is an example of primary Data? a. Data collected from the record of the municipality. b. Data collected from a publishes journal of an industry. c. Data collected from the website. d. Data collected by NSSO. 3. Which of the following is […]
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY MCQ
a. Tarantism. b. Wolfism. c. Lycanthropy. d. Caninothrophy. Answer: c. Lycanthropy. 2. The process introduced by Freud wherein patients talked freely about themselves-Providing information about their feelings, motives thus revealing inner obstacles is- a. Dream Analysis. b. Free Association. c. Unconscious Therapy. d. Psychosexual Therapy. Answer: b. Free Association. 3. The mental hygiene movement was […]
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